diff --git a/dist/commands/export.js b/dist/commands/export.js
index 0aeeb34..13bf5bc 100644
--- a/dist/commands/export.js
+++ b/dist/commands/export.js
@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@ import path from "path";
 import fs from "fs";
 import chalk from "chalk";
 import grabDBDir from "../utils/grab-db-dir";
-import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 import { dumpDatabase } from "../utils/mariadb-dump-restore";
 import { writeExportArchive } from "../utils/export-archive";
 import trimExports from "../utils/trim-exports";
+import { resolveDataFile, supportedDataFileNames, } from "../utils/resolve-and-load-data-file";
+import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 function defaultExportFileName(dbName, format) {
     return `${dbName}-${Date.now()}.${format}`;
 }
 export default function () {
     return new Command("export")
-        .description("Export database SQL dump + schema.ts into a portable archive")
+        .description("Export database SQL dump + schema into a portable archive")
         .option("-o, --output <path>", "Output archive path (.tar.gz or .zip). Defaults to db exports dir")
         .option("-f, --format <format>", "Archive format when --output is omitted: tar.gz | zip", "tar.gz")
         .action(async (opts) => {
@@ -22,9 +23,14 @@ export default function () {
         if (!fs.existsSync(export_dir)) {
             fs.mkdirSync(export_dir, { recursive: true });
         }
-        const schemaPath = path.join(db_dir, AppData.DbSchemaFileName);
-        if (!fs.existsSync(schemaPath)) {
-            console.error(chalk.red(`Schema file not found: ${schemaPath}`));
+        const schemaResolved = (global.SCHEMA_FILE_PATH &&
+            fs.existsSync(global.SCHEMA_FILE_PATH) && {
+            path: global.SCHEMA_FILE_PATH,
+            basename: path.basename(global.SCHEMA_FILE_PATH),
+        }) ||
+            resolveDataFile(db_dir, AppData.DbSchemaFileName);
+        if (!schemaResolved) {
+            console.error(chalk.red(`Schema file not found in \`${db_dir}\` (${supportedDataFileNames(AppData.DbSchemaFileName)})`));
             process.exit(1);
         }
         const formatRaw = String(opts.format || "tar.gz").toLowerCase();
@@ -42,16 +48,20 @@ export default function () {
         }
         try {
             const sql = await dumpDatabase(config);
-            const schemaTs = fs.readFileSync(schemaPath, "utf-8");
+            const schema = fs.readFileSync(schemaResolved.path, "utf-8");
             await writeExportArchive({
-                contents: { sql, schemaTs },
+                contents: {
+                    sql,
+                    schema,
+                    schemaFileName: schemaResolved.basename,
+                },
                 outPath,
             });
             if (path.dirname(outPath) === export_dir) {
                 trimExports({ config });
             }
             console.log(`${chalk.bold(chalk.green(`DB Export Success!`))} → ${outPath}`);
-            console.log(chalk.dim(`Contains: dump.sql + ${AppData.DbSchemaFileName}`));
+            console.log(chalk.dim(`Contains: dump.sql + ${schemaResolved.basename}`));
             process.exit(0);
         }
         catch (error) {
diff --git a/dist/commands/import.js b/dist/commands/import.js
index b19bd8f..d19a06c 100644
--- a/dist/commands/import.js
+++ b/dist/commands/import.js
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import { select } from "@inquirer/prompts";
 import grabDBDir from "../utils/grab-db-dir";
 import grabSortedExports from "../utils/grab-sorted-exports";
 import grabBackupData from "../utils/grab-backup-data";
-import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 import { restoreDatabase } from "../utils/mariadb-dump-restore";
 import { isArchivePath, isSqlPath, readExportArchive, } from "../utils/export-archive";
+import { resolveDataFile } from "../utils/resolve-and-load-data-file";
+import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 function formatChoice(name, index) {
     const { backup_date } = grabBackupData({ backup_name: name });
     const time = Number.isNaN(backup_date.getTime())
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ function formatChoice(name, index) {
 }
 export default function () {
     return new Command("import")
-        .description("Import an SQL dump, or a full export archive (SQL + schema.ts)")
+        .description("Import an SQL dump, or a full export archive (SQL + schema)")
         .argument("[file]", "Path to .sql file or export archive (.tar.gz / .tar / .zip)")
-        .option("--sql-only", "When importing an archive, restore SQL only (skip writing schema.ts)")
-        .option("--schema-only", "When importing an archive, write schema.ts only (skip SQL restore)")
+        .option("--sql-only", "When importing an archive, restore SQL only (skip writing schema)")
+        .option("--schema-only", "When importing an archive, write schema only (skip SQL restore)")
         .action(async (fileArg, opts) => {
         console.log(`Importing database ...`);
         const config = global.CONFIG;
@@ -65,14 +66,21 @@ export default function () {
                 console.error(chalk.red(`Cannot combine --sql-only and --schema-only.`));
                 process.exit(1);
             }
-            const { sql, schemaTs } = await readExportArchive(filePath);
+            const { sql, schema, schemaFileName } = await readExportArchive(filePath);
             if (!opts.schemaOnly) {
                 await restoreDatabase(config, sql);
                 console.log(chalk.green(`SQL restored from archive`));
             }
             if (!opts.sqlOnly) {
-                const schemaPath = path.join(db_dir, AppData.DbSchemaFileName);
-                fs.writeFileSync(schemaPath, schemaTs, "utf-8");
+                const existing = resolveDataFile(db_dir, AppData.DbSchemaFileName);
+                const schemaPath = path.join(db_dir, schemaFileName);
+                // Remove a differently-named schema so only one format remains
+                if (existing &&
+                    path.resolve(existing.path) !== path.resolve(schemaPath)) {
+                    fs.unlinkSync(existing.path);
+                    console.log(chalk.dim(`Removed previous schema file: ${existing.basename}`));
+                }
+                fs.writeFileSync(schemaPath, schema, "utf-8");
                 console.log(chalk.green(`Schema written → ${schemaPath}`));
             }
             console.log(`${chalk.bold(chalk.green(`DB Import Success!`))} ← ${filePath}`);
diff --git a/dist/commands/index.js b/dist/commands/index.js
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/dist/commands/typedef.js b/dist/commands/typedef.js
index fe13a6f..bad2386 100644
--- a/dist/commands/typedef.js
+++ b/dist/commands/typedef.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export default function () {
         const { ROOT_DIR } = grabDirNames();
         const finaldbSchema = appendDefaultFieldsToDbSchema({ dbSchema });
         if (!config.typedef_file_path) {
-            console.error(`\`typedef_file_path\` is required in bun-mariadb.config.ts to generate types.`);
+            console.error(`\`typedef_file_path\` is required in bun-mariadb.config to generate types.`);
             process.exit(1);
         }
         const out_file = path.resolve(ROOT_DIR, config.typedef_file_path);
diff --git a/dist/data/app-data.d.ts b/dist/data/app-data.d.ts
index 33f97f9..821c009 100644
--- a/dist/data/app-data.d.ts
+++ b/dist/data/app-data.d.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 export declare const AppData: {
-    readonly ConfigFileName: "bun-mariadb.config.ts";
+    readonly ConfigFileName: "bun-mariadb.config";
     readonly MaxBackups: 10;
     readonly MaxExports: 10;
     readonly DefaultBackupDirName: ".backups";
     readonly DefaultExportDirName: ".exports";
     readonly DbSchemaManagerTableName: "__db_schema_manager__";
-    readonly DbSchemaFileName: "schema.ts";
+    readonly DbSchemaFileName: "schema";
+    /** Priority order when resolving config/schema files */
+    readonly SupportedDataFileExtensions: readonly [".ts", ".js", ".json", ".yaml", ".yml"];
     readonly MaxInitRetries: 50;
     readonly InitRetryIntervalMilliseconds: 5000;
 };
diff --git a/dist/data/app-data.js b/dist/data/app-data.js
index b591ea9..0f53524 100644
--- a/dist/data/app-data.js
+++ b/dist/data/app-data.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 export const AppData = {
-    ConfigFileName: "bun-mariadb.config.ts",
+    ConfigFileName: "bun-mariadb.config",
     MaxBackups: 10,
     MaxExports: 10,
     DefaultBackupDirName: ".backups",
     DefaultExportDirName: ".exports",
     DbSchemaManagerTableName: "__db_schema_manager__",
-    DbSchemaFileName: "schema.ts",
+    DbSchemaFileName: "schema",
+    /** Priority order when resolving config/schema files */
+    SupportedDataFileExtensions: [".ts", ".js", ".json", ".yaml", ".yml"],
     MaxInitRetries: 50,
     InitRetryIntervalMilliseconds: 5000,
 };
diff --git a/dist/functions/init.d.ts b/dist/functions/init.d.ts
index 949cd12..f254fa9 100644
--- a/dist/functions/init.d.ts
+++ b/dist/functions/init.d.ts
@@ -6,5 +6,7 @@ declare global {
     var CONFIG: BunMariaDBConfig;
     var DB_SCHEMA: BUN_MARIADB_DatabaseSchemaType;
     var MARIADB_CLIENT: Bun.SQL;
+    var CONFIG_FILE_PATH: string;
+    var SCHEMA_FILE_PATH: string;
 }
 export default function init(): void;
diff --git a/dist/functions/init.js b/dist/functions/init.js
index 62da169..ff85a09 100644
--- a/dist/functions/init.js
+++ b/dist/functions/init.js
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 import grabDirNames from "../data/grab-dir-names";
 import { RequiredENVs, } from "../types";
 import setMariaDBClient from "./set-mariadb-client";
+import { resolveAndLoadDataFile, supportedDataFileNames, } from "../utils/resolve-and-load-data-file";
 export default function init() {
     try {
         const { ROOT_DIR } = grabDirNames();
         const { ConfigFileName } = AppData;
-        const ConfigFilePath = path.join(ROOT_DIR, ConfigFileName);
-        if (!fs.existsSync(ConfigFilePath)) {
-            console.error(`Please create a \`${ConfigFileName}\` file at the root of your project.`);
+        const loadedConfig = resolveAndLoadDataFile(ROOT_DIR, ConfigFileName);
+        if (!loadedConfig) {
+            console.error(`Please create a ${supportedDataFileNames(ConfigFileName)} file at the root of your project.`);
             process.exit(1);
         }
-        const ConfigImport = require(ConfigFilePath);
-        const Config = ConfigImport["default"];
-        if (!Config) {
-            console.error(`No default export from \`${ConfigFilePath}\`. Please export a default module.`);
+        const Config = loadedConfig.data;
+        if (!Config || typeof Config !== "object") {
+            console.error(`Invalid config in \`${loadedConfig.path}\`. Expected a config object${loadedConfig.format === "ts" || loadedConfig.format === "js" ? " (export default)" : ""}.`);
             process.exit(1);
         }
         if (!Config.db_name) {
@@ -34,20 +34,23 @@ export default function init() {
             }
         });
         if (!Config.db_dir) {
-            console.error(`\`db_dir\` is required in your config. This directory holds all database related configuration. Also note that a \`${AppData["DbSchemaFileName"]}\` file is also required in this directory to define your database schema`);
+            console.error(`\`db_dir\` is required in your config. This directory holds all database related configuration. Also note that a ${supportedDataFileNames(AppData.DbSchemaFileName)} file is also required in this directory to define your database schema`);
             process.exit(1);
         }
         const db_dir = path.resolve(ROOT_DIR, Config.db_dir);
         if (!fs.existsSync(db_dir)) {
             fs.mkdirSync(db_dir, { recursive: true });
         }
-        const DBSchemaFilePath = path.join(db_dir, AppData["DbSchemaFileName"]);
-        if (!fs.existsSync(DBSchemaFilePath)) {
-            console.error(`Please create a schema file at \`${DBSchemaFilePath}\`. Don't forget to export a default module from this file.`);
+        const loadedSchema = resolveAndLoadDataFile(db_dir, AppData.DbSchemaFileName);
+        if (!loadedSchema) {
+            console.error(`Please create a schema file (${supportedDataFileNames(AppData.DbSchemaFileName)}) in \`${db_dir}\`${loadedConfig.format === "ts" || loadedConfig.format === "js" ? ". Don't forget to export a default module from .ts/.js files." : "."}`);
+            process.exit(1);
+        }
+        const DbSchema = loadedSchema.data;
+        if (!DbSchema || typeof DbSchema !== "object") {
+            console.error(`Invalid schema in \`${loadedSchema.path}\`. Expected a schema object${loadedSchema.format === "ts" || loadedSchema.format === "js" ? " (export default)" : ""}.`);
             process.exit(1);
         }
-        const DbSchemaImport = require(DBSchemaFilePath);
-        const DbSchema = DbSchemaImport["default"];
         const backup_dir = Config.db_backup_dir || AppData["DefaultBackupDirName"];
         const BackupDir = path.resolve(db_dir, backup_dir);
         if (!fs.existsSync(BackupDir)) {
@@ -59,6 +62,8 @@ export default function init() {
         }
         global.CONFIG = Config;
         global.DB_SCHEMA = DbSchema;
+        global.CONFIG_FILE_PATH = loadedConfig.path;
+        global.SCHEMA_FILE_PATH = loadedSchema.path;
         if (!global.CONFIG) {
             console.error(`Couldn't grab global Config.`);
             process.exit(1);
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.d.ts
index 00bc713..b33c0d1 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.d.ts
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.d.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,8 @@
 import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
-export default function buildColumnDefinition(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType): string;
+export type BuildColumnDefinitionOptions = {
+    /** UNIQUE is managed by syncUniqueConstraints on existing tables */
+    omitUnique?: boolean;
+};
+export default function buildColumnDefinition(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, options?: BuildColumnDefinitionOptions): string;
+/** Whether schema field requires NOT NULL */
+export declare function fieldRequiresNotNull(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType): boolean;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.js b/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.js
index f5298bc..cbd0ab8 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/build-column-definition.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import mapDataType from "./map-data-types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
-export default function buildColumnDefinition(field) {
+export default function buildColumnDefinition(field, options = {}) {
     if (!field.fieldName) {
         throw new Error("Field name is required");
     }
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ export default function buildColumnDefinition(field) {
         }
     }
     // VECTOR columns cannot be UNIQUE in the usual sense
-    if (field.unique && !field.primaryKey && !isVectorField(field)) {
+    if (!options.omitUnique &&
+        field.unique &&
+        !field.primaryKey &&
+        !isVectorField(field)) {
         parts.push("UNIQUE");
     }
     if (field.defaultValue !== undefined) {
@@ -41,3 +44,7 @@ export default function buildColumnDefinition(field) {
     }
     return parts.join(" ");
 }
+/** Whether schema field requires NOT NULL */
+export function fieldRequiresNotNull(field) {
+    return Boolean(field.notNullValue || field.primaryKey || isVectorField(field));
+}
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.d.ts
index cd51d92..15c1809 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.d.ts
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.d.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
-export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType): string;
+export declare function defaultForeignKeyName(tableName: string, fieldName: string): string;
+export declare function resolveForeignKeyName(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, tableName: string): string;
+export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, tableName: string): string;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.js b/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.js
index 0749c98..fa89d41 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.js
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
-export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field) {
+export function defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName) {
+    return `fk_${tableName}_${fieldName}`;
+}
+export function resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName) {
+    const fieldName = field.fieldName || "column";
+    return field.foreignKey?.foreignKeyName || defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName);
+}
+export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, tableName) {
     const fk = field.foreignKey;
-    const constraintName = fk.foreignKeyName
-        ? `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.foreignKeyName)} `
-        : "";
-    let constraint = `${constraintName}FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName)})`;
+    const constraintName = resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName);
+    let constraint = `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName)})`;
     if (fk.cascadeDelete) {
         constraint += " ON DELETE CASCADE";
     }
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/create-table.js b/dist/lib/schema/create-table.js
index 6ede61e..771f5c5 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/create-table.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/create-table.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export default async function createTable({ table, config, }) {
             primaryKeys.push(field.fieldName);
         }
         if (field.foreignKey && !table.isVector) {
-            foreignKeys.push(buildForeignKeyConstraint(field));
+            foreignKeys.push(buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, table.tableName));
         }
     }
     if (primaryKeys.length > 0) {
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ export default async function createTable({ table, config, }) {
     }
     if (table.uniqueConstraints) {
         for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints) {
-            if (constraint.constraintTableFields &&
-                constraint.constraintTableFields.length > 0) {
-                const fields = constraint.constraintTableFields
-                    .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field.value))
-                    .join(", ");
-                const constraintName = constraint.constraintName ||
-                    `unique_${fields.replace(/`/g, "")}`;
-                columnDefinitions.push(`CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} UNIQUE (${fields})`);
+            const columns = (constraint.constraintTableFields || [])
+                .map((field) => field.value)
+                .filter((value) => Boolean(value));
+            if (columns.length === 0) {
+                continue;
             }
+            const fields = columns.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+            const constraintName = constraint.constraintName || `unique_${columns.join("_")}`;
+            columnDefinitions.push(`CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} UNIQUE (${fields})`);
         }
     }
     const sql = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${[...columnDefinitions, ...foreignKeys].join(", ")})${buildTableOptions(table)}`;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.d.ts
index 971b65a..5369915 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.d.ts
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.d.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ export type ColumnInfoRow = {
     name: string;
     type: string;
     comment?: string;
+    isNullable: boolean;
+    columnDefault: string | null;
+    extra: string;
 };
 export default function getTableColumns({ tableName, config, }: {
     tableName: string;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.js b/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.js
index 7fc28b0..a0fcbff 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/get-table-columns.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
 export default async function getTableColumns({ tableName, config, }) {
     const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
     const rows = await querySchemaRows({
-        query: `SELECT COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_TYPE, COLUMN_COMMENT FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION`,
+        query: `SELECT COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_TYPE, COLUMN_COMMENT, IS_NULLABLE, COLUMN_DEFAULT, EXTRA FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION`,
         values: [...schemaCond.values, tableName],
         config,
     });
@@ -11,5 +11,8 @@ export default async function getTableColumns({ tableName, config, }) {
         name: row.COLUMN_NAME,
         type: row.COLUMN_TYPE,
         comment: row.COLUMN_COMMENT,
+        isNullable: String(row.IS_NULLABLE).toUpperCase() === "YES",
+        columnDefault: row.COLUMN_DEFAULT,
+        extra: row.EXTRA || "",
     }));
 }
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.js b/dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.js
index 71792ee..35b1b5b 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.js
@@ -3,14 +3,17 @@ import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import { dropObsoleteForeignKeys, ensureForeignKeys, } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import syncIndexes from "./sync-indexes";
+import syncPrimaryKey from "./sync-primary-key";
+import syncTableOptions from "./sync-table-options";
+import syncUniqueConstraints from "./sync-unique-constraints";
 import updateTable from "./update-table";
 import upsertDbManagerTable, { removeDbManagerTable, } from "./upsert-db-manager-table";
 export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({ db_schema, config, table, db_manager_table_name, existing_live_table, }) {
     const resolvedTable = resolveTable(table, db_schema);
     let tableExistsTracked = Boolean(db_manager_table_name);
     let tableExistsLive = Boolean(existing_live_table?.TABLE_NAME);
-    let wasRenamed = false;
     if (resolvedTable.tableNameOld &&
         resolvedTable.tableNameOld !== resolvedTable.tableName) {
         // Only hit information_schema when a rename is declared
@@ -36,7 +39,6 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({ db_schema, config, table, db
             });
             tableExistsTracked = true;
             tableExistsLive = true;
-            wasRenamed = true;
         }
     }
     if (!tableExistsTracked && !tableExistsLive) {
@@ -47,16 +49,26 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({ db_schema, config, table, db
         });
     }
     else {
-        if (!wasRenamed) {
-            await updateTable({
-                table: resolvedTable,
-                config,
-            });
-        }
+        // Columns first (also drops FKs on removed/modified columns)
+        await updateTable({
+            table: resolvedTable,
+            config,
+        });
         await upsertDbManagerTable({
             tableName: resolvedTable.tableName,
             config,
         });
     }
+    // Order matters:
+    // 1. Table options (engine/collation)
+    // 2. Drop obsolete/changed FKs (unlocks index cleanup)
+    // 3. Primary key
+    // 4. Indexes / uniques (FK columns need supporting indexes)
+    // 5. Ensure foreign keys exist
+    await syncTableOptions({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await syncPrimaryKey({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncIndexes({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await syncUniqueConstraints({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await ensureForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
 }
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d80460d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
+export type DesiredForeignKey = {
+    name: string;
+    column: string;
+    refTable: string;
+    refColumn: string;
+    cascadeDelete: boolean;
+    cascadeUpdate: boolean;
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType;
+};
+export type LiveForeignKey = {
+    name: string;
+    column: string;
+    refTable: string;
+    refColumn: string;
+    deleteRule: string;
+    updateRule: string;
+};
+export declare function grabDesiredForeignKeys(table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType): DesiredForeignKey[];
+export declare function grabLiveForeignKeys({ tableName, config, }: {
+    tableName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<LiveForeignKey[]>;
+export declare function dropForeignKey({ tableName, constraintName, config, }: {
+    tableName: string;
+    constraintName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
+export declare function dropForeignKeysOnColumns({ tableName, columns, config, }: {
+    tableName: string;
+    columns: string[];
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
+/**
+ * Drop foreign keys that are removed from schema or need recreation
+ * (name/cascade/target changed). Run before index cleanup.
+ */
+export declare function dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
+/**
+ * Ensure all desired foreign keys exist. Run after indexes/uniques.
+ */
+export declare function ensureForeignKeys({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
+export default function syncForeignKeys({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.js b/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63c3186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.js
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import buildForeignKeyConstraint, { resolveForeignKeyName, } from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+function normalizeRule(rule) {
+    return String(rule || "RESTRICT").toUpperCase().replace(/_/g, " ");
+}
+function ruleIsCascade(rule) {
+    return normalizeRule(rule) === "CASCADE";
+}
+function fkIdentityKey(fk) {
+    return `${fk.column}\0${fk.refTable}\0${fk.refColumn}`;
+}
+function rulesMatch(live, desired) {
+    return (ruleIsCascade(live.deleteRule) === desired.cascadeDelete &&
+        ruleIsCascade(live.updateRule) === desired.cascadeUpdate);
+}
+export function grabDesiredForeignKeys(table) {
+    if (table.isVector) {
+        return [];
+    }
+    const desired = [];
+    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
+        const fk = field.foreignKey;
+        if (!field.fieldName ||
+            !fk?.destinationTableName ||
+            !fk.destinationTableColumnName) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        desired.push({
+            name: resolveForeignKeyName(field, table.tableName),
+            column: field.fieldName,
+            refTable: fk.destinationTableName,
+            refColumn: fk.destinationTableColumnName,
+            cascadeDelete: Boolean(fk.cascadeDelete),
+            cascadeUpdate: Boolean(fk.cascadeUpdate),
+            field,
+        });
+    }
+    return desired;
+}
+export async function grabLiveForeignKeys({ tableName, config, }) {
+    const databaseName = config?.db_name || global.CONFIG?.db_name;
+    const schemaWhere = databaseName
+        ? "rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = ?"
+        : "rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()";
+    const schemaValues = databaseName ? [databaseName] : [];
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows({
+        query: `
+            SELECT
+                rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
+                kcu.COLUMN_NAME,
+                kcu.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME,
+                kcu.REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME,
+                rc.DELETE_RULE,
+                rc.UPDATE_RULE
+            FROM information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
+            INNER JOIN information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+                ON rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+                AND rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+                AND rc.TABLE_NAME = kcu.TABLE_NAME
+            WHERE ${schemaWhere}
+                AND rc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND kcu.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME IS NOT NULL
+            ORDER BY rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaValues, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+    // Single-column FKs only (schema model is one FK per field)
+    const byName = new Map();
+    for (const row of rows) {
+        if (byName.has(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        byName.set(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME, {
+            name: row.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
+            column: row.COLUMN_NAME,
+            refTable: row.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME,
+            refColumn: row.REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME,
+            deleteRule: row.DELETE_RULE,
+            updateRule: row.UPDATE_RULE,
+        });
+    }
+    return [...byName.values()];
+}
+export async function dropForeignKey({ tableName, constraintName, config, }) {
+    console.log(`Dropping foreign key: ${constraintName} on ${tableName}`);
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} DROP FOREIGN KEY ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
+export async function dropForeignKeysOnColumns({ tableName, columns, config, }) {
+    if (columns.length === 0)
+        return;
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({ tableName, config });
+    const colSet = new Set(columns);
+    for (const fk of live) {
+        if (colSet.has(fk.column)) {
+            await dropForeignKey({
+                tableName,
+                constraintName: fk.name,
+                config,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Drop foreign keys that are removed from schema or need recreation
+ * (name/cascade/target changed). Run before index cleanup.
+ */
+export async function dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table, config, }) {
+    const desired = grabDesiredForeignKeys(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+    const keepNames = new Set();
+    const droppedNames = new Set();
+    const dropOnce = async (name) => {
+        if (droppedNames.has(name))
+            return;
+        droppedNames.add(name);
+        await dropForeignKey({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            constraintName: name,
+            config,
+        });
+    };
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const byIdentity = live.find((existing) => !keepNames.has(existing.name) &&
+            !droppedNames.has(existing.name) &&
+            fkIdentityKey(existing) === fkIdentityKey(want));
+        if (byIdentity &&
+            rulesMatch(byIdentity, want) &&
+            byIdentity.name === want.name) {
+            keepNames.add(byIdentity.name);
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Changed relationship → drop so ensureForeignKeys can recreate
+        if (byIdentity) {
+            await dropOnce(byIdentity.name);
+        }
+        const byName = live.find((existing) => existing.name === want.name);
+        if (byName && byName !== byIdentity) {
+            await dropOnce(byName.name);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const existing of live) {
+        if (keepNames.has(existing.name) || droppedNames.has(existing.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Not in schema anymore
+        await dropOnce(existing.name);
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Ensure all desired foreign keys exist. Run after indexes/uniques.
+ */
+export async function ensureForeignKeys({ table, config, }) {
+    const desired = grabDesiredForeignKeys(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const exists = live.some((existing) => fkIdentityKey(existing) === fkIdentityKey(want) &&
+            rulesMatch(existing, want) &&
+            existing.name === want.name);
+        if (exists) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        console.log(`Creating foreign key: ${want.name} (${want.column} → ${want.refTable}.${want.refColumn}) on ${table.tableName}`);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD ${buildForeignKeyConstraint(want.field, table.tableName)}`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+}
+export default async function syncForeignKeys({ table, config, }) {
+    await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table, config });
+    await ensureForeignKeys({ table, config });
+}
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-indexes.js b/dist/lib/schema/sync-indexes.js
index 2326bd8..a39a8f1 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/sync-indexes.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-indexes.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import { grabDesiredUniqueConstraints } from "./sync-unique-constraints";
 function isVectorIndexDef(index, table) {
     if (index.indexType === "VECTOR")
         return true;
@@ -20,6 +21,60 @@ function vectorDistanceMetric(index) {
         return "euclidean";
     return "euclidean";
 }
+/** Normalize schema index type vs information_schema.INDEX_TYPE */
+function indexTypesMatch(liveType, schemaIndex, table) {
+    const live = (liveType || "").toUpperCase();
+    const schemaType = schemaIndex.indexType?.toUpperCase();
+    if (isVectorIndexDef(schemaIndex, table)) {
+        // MariaDB may report VECTOR indexes as BTREE or VECTOR depending on version
+        return live === "VECTOR" || live === "BTREE" || live === "";
+    }
+    if (!schemaType || schemaType === "BTREE") {
+        // Default / unspecified → BTREE
+        return live === "BTREE" || live === "";
+    }
+    if (schemaType === "FULLTEXT") {
+        return live === "FULLTEXT";
+    }
+    if (schemaType === "SPATIAL") {
+        return live === "SPATIAL";
+    }
+    if (schemaType === "HASH") {
+        return live === "HASH";
+    }
+    return live === schemaType;
+}
+async function createIndex({ table, index, config, }) {
+    if (!index.indexName ||
+        !index.indexTableFields ||
+        index.indexTableFields.length === 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (isVectorIndexDef(index, table)) {
+        console.log(`Creating Vector index: ${index.indexName}`);
+        const targetField = MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexTableFields[0]);
+        const distanceMetric = vectorDistanceMetric(index);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD VECTOR INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} (${targetField}) M=8 DISTANCE=${distanceMetric}`,
+            config,
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+    console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
+    const fields = index.indexTableFields
+        .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
+        .join(", ");
+    const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
+    const isSpecialType = typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
+    const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
+    const indexSuffix = !isSpecialType && (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")
+        ? ` USING ${typeUpper}`
+        : "";
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `CREATE ${indexPrefix}INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${fields})${indexSuffix}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
 export default async function syncIndexes({ table, config, }) {
     const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
     const rows = await querySchemaRows({
@@ -37,16 +92,8 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({ table, config, }) {
         config,
     });
     const protectedIndexNames = new Set(protectedConstraintRows.map((r) => r.CONSTRAINT_NAME));
-    // Column-level UNIQUE creates an index often named after the column
-    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
-        if (field.unique && field.fieldName) {
-            protectedIndexNames.add(field.fieldName);
-        }
-    }
-    for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints || []) {
-        if (constraint.constraintName) {
-            protectedIndexNames.add(constraint.constraintName);
-        }
+    for (const constraint of grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table)) {
+        protectedIndexNames.add(constraint.name);
     }
     const existingIndexesMap = new Map();
     for (const row of rows) {
@@ -70,6 +117,7 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({ table, config, }) {
                     query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
                     config,
                 });
+                existingIndexesMap.delete(indexName);
             }
             catch (err) {
                 if (String(err?.message || "").includes("needed in a foreign key constraint")) {
@@ -83,7 +131,8 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({ table, config, }) {
             const schemaColumns = schemaIndex.indexTableFields || [];
             const columnsMatch = details.columns.length === schemaColumns.length &&
                 details.columns.every((col, idx) => col === schemaColumns[idx]);
-            if (!columnsMatch) {
+            const typeMatch = indexTypesMatch(details.type, schemaIndex, table);
+            if (!columnsMatch || !typeMatch) {
                 console.log(`Recreating changed index: ${indexName}`);
                 await runSchemaQuery({
                     query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
@@ -100,32 +149,7 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({ table, config, }) {
             continue;
         }
         if (!existingIndexesMap.has(index.indexName)) {
-            if (isVectorIndexDef(index, table)) {
-                console.log(`Creating Vector index: ${index.indexName}`);
-                const targetField = MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexTableFields[0]);
-                const distanceMetric = vectorDistanceMetric(index);
-                await runSchemaQuery({
-                    query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD VECTOR INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} (${targetField}) M=8 DISTANCE=${distanceMetric}`,
-                    config,
-                });
-            }
-            else {
-                console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
-                const fields = index.indexTableFields
-                    .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
-                    .join(", ");
-                const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
-                const isSpecialType = typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
-                const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
-                const indexSuffix = !isSpecialType &&
-                    (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")
-                    ? ` USING ${typeUpper}`
-                    : "";
-                await runSchemaQuery({
-                    query: `CREATE ${indexPrefix}INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${fields})${indexSuffix}`,
-                    config,
-                });
-            }
+            await createIndex({ table, index, config });
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbd338d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
+export declare function grabDesiredPrimaryKeyColumns(table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType): string[];
+export default function syncPrimaryKey({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.js b/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ae1be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+function columnsEqual(a, b) {
+    return a.length === b.length && a.every((col, i) => col === b[i]);
+}
+export function grabDesiredPrimaryKeyColumns(table) {
+    return (table.fields || [])
+        .filter((field) => field.primaryKey && field.fieldName)
+        .map((field) => field.fieldName);
+}
+async function grabLivePrimaryKeyColumns({ tableName, config, }) {
+    const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows({
+        query: `
+            SELECT COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION
+            FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
+            WHERE ${schemaCond.where}
+                AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'PRIMARY'
+            ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaCond.values, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+    return rows.map((row) => row.COLUMN_NAME);
+}
+export default async function syncPrimaryKey({ table, config, }) {
+    const desired = grabDesiredPrimaryKeyColumns(table);
+    const live = await grabLivePrimaryKeyColumns({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+    if (columnsEqual(desired, live)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (live.length > 0) {
+        console.log(`Dropping primary key on ${table.tableName}`);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP PRIMARY KEY`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+    if (desired.length > 0) {
+        const cols = desired.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+        console.log(`Creating primary key (${desired.join(", ")}) on ${table.tableName}`);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD PRIMARY KEY (${cols})`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af3c8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
+export default function syncTableOptions({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.js b/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aae9b13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-table-options.js
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+export default async function syncTableOptions({ table, config, }) {
+    const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows({
+        query: `SELECT ENGINE, TABLE_COLLATION FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? AND TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE'`,
+        values: [...schemaCond.values, table.tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+    const live = rows[0];
+    if (!live) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const alters = [];
+    if ((live.ENGINE || "").toUpperCase() !== "INNODB") {
+        alters.push("ENGINE=InnoDB");
+    }
+    if (table.collation) {
+        const liveCollation = (live.TABLE_COLLATION || "").toLowerCase();
+        if (liveCollation !== table.collation.toLowerCase()) {
+            alters.push(`CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE ${table.collation}`);
+        }
+    }
+    if (alters.length === 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    console.log(`Updating table options on ${table.tableName}: ${alters.join(", ")}`);
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ${alters.join(", ")}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.d.ts b/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eadaaf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
+type UniqueConstraintDesired = {
+    name: string;
+    columns: string[];
+};
+export declare function grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType): UniqueConstraintDesired[];
+export default function syncUniqueConstraints({ table, config, }: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void>;
+export {};
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.js b/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce3481c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.js
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+function columnsKey(columns) {
+    return columns.join("\0");
+}
+function columnsEqual(a, b) {
+    return a.length === b.length && a.every((col, i) => col === b[i]);
+}
+function defaultConstraintName(columns) {
+    return `unique_${columns.join("_")}`;
+}
+export function grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table) {
+    const desired = [];
+    const seenColumnSets = new Set();
+    for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints || []) {
+        const columns = (constraint.constraintTableFields || [])
+            .map((field) => field.value)
+            .filter((value) => Boolean(value));
+        if (columns.length === 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const key = columnsKey(columns);
+        if (seenColumnSets.has(key)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        seenColumnSets.add(key);
+        desired.push({
+            name: constraint.constraintName || defaultConstraintName(columns),
+            columns,
+        });
+    }
+    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
+        if (!field.fieldName ||
+            !field.unique ||
+            field.primaryKey ||
+            isVectorField(field)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const columns = [field.fieldName];
+        const key = columnsKey(columns);
+        if (seenColumnSets.has(key)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        seenColumnSets.add(key);
+        // Matches MariaDB's default name for column-level UNIQUE
+        desired.push({
+            name: field.fieldName,
+            columns,
+        });
+    }
+    return desired;
+}
+async function grabLiveUniqueConstraints({ tableName, config, }) {
+    const databaseName = config?.db_name || global.CONFIG?.db_name;
+    const schemaWhere = databaseName
+        ? "tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = ?"
+        : "tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()";
+    const schemaValues = databaseName ? [databaseName] : [];
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows({
+        query: `
+            SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.COLUMN_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+            FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+            INNER JOIN information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+                ON tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+                AND tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+                AND tc.TABLE_NAME = kcu.TABLE_NAME
+            WHERE ${schemaWhere}
+                AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'UNIQUE'
+            ORDER BY tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaValues, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+    const map = new Map();
+    for (const row of rows) {
+        if (!map.has(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME)) {
+            map.set(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME, []);
+        }
+        map.get(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME).push(row.COLUMN_NAME);
+    }
+    return [...map.entries()].map(([name, columns]) => ({ name, columns }));
+}
+export default async function syncUniqueConstraints({ table, config, }) {
+    const desired = grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveUniqueConstraints({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+    const matchedLiveNames = new Set();
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const byColumns = live.find((existing) => !matchedLiveNames.has(existing.name) &&
+            columnsEqual(existing.columns, want.columns));
+        if (byColumns) {
+            matchedLiveNames.add(byColumns.name);
+            continue;
+        }
+        const byName = live.find((existing) => existing.name === want.name);
+        if (byName && !matchedLiveNames.has(byName.name)) {
+            console.log(`Recreating changed unique constraint: ${want.name} on ${table.tableName}`);
+            await runSchemaQuery({
+                query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(byName.name)}`,
+                config,
+            });
+            matchedLiveNames.add(byName.name);
+        }
+        const fields = want.columns.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+        console.log(`Creating unique constraint: ${want.name} (${want.columns.join(", ")}) on ${table.tableName}`);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(want.name)} UNIQUE (${fields})`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+    for (const existing of live) {
+        if (matchedLiveNames.has(existing.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const stillDesired = desired.some((want) => columnsEqual(want.columns, existing.columns));
+        if (stillDesired) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        console.log(`Dropping unique constraint: ${existing.name} on ${table.tableName}`);
+        try {
+            await runSchemaQuery({
+                query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(existing.name)}`,
+                config,
+            });
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            if (String(err?.message || "").includes("needed in a foreign key constraint")) {
+                console.warn(`Skipping drop of unique constraint ${existing.name}: required by a foreign key constraint`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dist/lib/schema/update-table.js b/dist/lib/schema/update-table.js
index 27f035a..6d7918b 100644
--- a/dist/lib/schema/update-table.js
+++ b/dist/lib/schema/update-table.js
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-import buildColumnDefinition from "./build-column-definition";
+import buildColumnDefinition, { fieldRequiresNotNull, } from "./build-column-definition";
 import createTable from "./create-table";
-import getTableColumns from "./get-table-columns";
+import getTableColumns, {} from "./get-table-columns";
 import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import mapDataType from "./map-data-types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import recreateTable from "./recreate-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import { dropForeignKeysOnColumns } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 /**
  * Compare live COLUMN_TYPE with schema-mapped type.
  * Live types often include display widths (e.g. bigint(20) vs BIGINT).
@@ -41,9 +42,85 @@ function vectorTypeDiverged(liveType, liveComment, field) {
     }
     return true;
 }
+function normalizeDefault(value) {
+    if (value == null)
+        return "";
+    let v = String(value).trim();
+    // Strip surrounding quotes MariaDB may include
+    if ((v.startsWith("'") && v.endsWith("'")) ||
+        (v.startsWith('"') && v.endsWith('"'))) {
+        v = v.slice(1, -1);
+    }
+    return v.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, " ");
+}
+function expectedDefault(field) {
+    if (field.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+        return String(field.defaultValue);
+    }
+    if (field.defaultValueLiteral) {
+        return field.defaultValueLiteral;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+function expectedOnUpdate(field) {
+    if (field.onUpdate)
+        return field.onUpdate;
+    if (field.onUpdateLiteral)
+        return field.onUpdateLiteral;
+    return null;
+}
+function defaultsMatch(liveDefault, expected) {
+    if (liveDefault === expected)
+        return true;
+    if (expected.includes("current_timestamp") &&
+        liveDefault.includes("current_timestamp")) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+function columnAttributesDiverged(live, field) {
+    const wantsNotNull = fieldRequiresNotNull(field);
+    if (wantsNotNull && live.isNullable) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (!wantsNotNull && !live.isNullable && !field.primaryKey) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    const liveExtra = (live.extra || "").toLowerCase();
+    const wantsAi = Boolean(field.autoIncrement);
+    const hasAi = liveExtra.includes("auto_increment");
+    if (wantsAi !== hasAi) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    const wantsDefault = expectedDefault(field);
+    if (wantsDefault != null) {
+        const liveDefault = normalizeDefault(live.columnDefault);
+        const expected = normalizeDefault(wantsDefault);
+        if (!defaultsMatch(liveDefault, expected)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    const wantsOnUpdate = expectedOnUpdate(field);
+    const hasOnUpdate = /on update/i.test(live.extra || "");
+    if (wantsOnUpdate && !hasOnUpdate) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (!wantsOnUpdate && hasOnUpdate) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (wantsOnUpdate && hasOnUpdate) {
+        const liveOnUpdate = normalizeDefault((live.extra.match(/on update\s+(.+)/i) || [])[1] || "");
+        const expectedOu = normalizeDefault(wantsOnUpdate);
+        if (liveOnUpdate && expectedOu && !defaultsMatch(liveOnUpdate, expectedOu)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
 async function addColumn({ tableName, field, config, }) {
     console.log(`Adding column: ${tableName}.${field.fieldName}`);
-    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field).trim();
+    // omitUnique — unique constraints are applied by syncUniqueConstraints
+    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field, { omitUnique: true }).trim();
     await runSchemaQuery({
         query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS ${columnDef}`,
         config,
@@ -51,7 +128,7 @@ async function addColumn({ tableName, field, config, }) {
 }
 async function modifyColumn({ tableName, field, config, }) {
     console.log(`Modifying column: ${tableName}.${field.fieldName}`);
-    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field).trim();
+    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field, { omitUnique: true }).trim();
     await runSchemaQuery({
         query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} MODIFY COLUMN ${columnDef}`,
         config,
@@ -73,10 +150,7 @@ export default async function updateTable({ table, config, }) {
         await createTable({ table, config });
         return;
     }
-    const liveFieldsMap = new Map(existingColumns.map((col) => [
-        col.name,
-        { type: col.type.toLowerCase(), comment: col.comment || "" },
-    ]));
+    const liveFieldsMap = new Map(existingColumns.map((col) => [col.name, col]));
     const codeFieldsMap = new Map((table.fields || []).map((f) => [f.fieldName, f]));
     const fieldsToAdd = [];
     const fieldsToModify = [];
@@ -87,19 +161,18 @@ export default async function updateTable({ table, config, }) {
             continue;
         const liveField = liveFieldsMap.get(field.fieldName);
         if (!liveField) {
-            // Adding a new vector column can require rebuild if VECTOR INDEX
-            // constraints conflict; still try surgical add first.
             fieldsToAdd.push(field);
         }
         else {
             let typeDiverged = !columnTypesMatch(liveField.type, mapDataType(field));
             if (isVectorField(field)) {
-                typeDiverged = vectorTypeDiverged(liveField.type, liveField.comment, field);
+                typeDiverged = vectorTypeDiverged(liveField.type, liveField.comment || "", field);
                 if (typeDiverged) {
                     needsVectorRecreate = true;
                 }
             }
-            if (typeDiverged) {
+            const attrsDiverged = !typeDiverged && columnAttributesDiverged(liveField, field);
+            if (typeDiverged || attrsDiverged) {
                 fieldsToModify.push(field);
             }
         }
@@ -122,6 +195,12 @@ export default async function updateTable({ table, config, }) {
     }
     console.log(`Surgically updating table structure from database layout: ${table.tableName}`);
     if (fieldsToDrop.length > 0) {
+        // Drop FKs that reference columns being removed
+        await dropForeignKeysOnColumns({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            columns: fieldsToDrop,
+            config,
+        });
         const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
         const pkRows = await querySchemaRows({
             query: `SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'PRIMARY'`,
@@ -149,12 +228,31 @@ export default async function updateTable({ table, config, }) {
         }
         for (const indexName of indexesToDrop) {
             console.log(`Dropping index ${indexName} because it contains a dropped column`);
-            await runSchemaQuery({
-                query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
-                config,
-            });
+            try {
+                await runSchemaQuery({
+                    query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
+                    config,
+                });
+            }
+            catch (err) {
+                if (String(err?.message || "").includes("needed in a foreign key constraint")) {
+                    console.warn(`Skipping drop of index ${indexName}: required by a foreign key constraint`);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                throw err;
+            }
         }
     }
+    // Drop FKs on columns being modified (MODIFY can fail with FK present)
+    if (fieldsToModify.length > 0) {
+        await dropForeignKeysOnColumns({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            columns: fieldsToModify
+                .map((f) => f.fieldName)
+                .filter((n) => Boolean(n)),
+            config,
+        });
+    }
     for (const field of fieldsToAdd) {
         await addColumn({ tableName: table.tableName, field, config });
     }
diff --git a/dist/utils/export-archive.d.ts b/dist/utils/export-archive.d.ts
index b794574..678688d 100644
--- a/dist/utils/export-archive.d.ts
+++ b/dist/utils/export-archive.d.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 export declare const ExportArchiveMembers: {
     readonly SqlFileName: "dump.sql";
-    readonly SchemaFileName: "schema.ts";
+    readonly SchemaFileName: "schema";
 };
 export type ExportArchiveContents = {
     sql: string;
-    schemaTs: string;
+    schema: string;
+    /** Archive member basename, e.g. schema.ts / schema.json / schema.yaml */
+    schemaFileName: string;
 };
 export declare function isArchivePath(filePath: string): boolean;
 export declare function isSqlPath(filePath: string): boolean;
 /**
- * Create a portable export archive (tar / tar.gz / zip) with dump.sql + schema.ts.
+ * Create a portable export archive (tar / tar.gz / zip) with dump.sql + schema file.
  */
 export declare function writeExportArchive({ contents, outPath, }: {
     contents: ExportArchiveContents;
diff --git a/dist/utils/export-archive.js b/dist/utils/export-archive.js
index 9668843..f5ddf0a 100644
--- a/dist/utils/export-archive.js
+++ b/dist/utils/export-archive.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "fs";
 import path from "path";
 import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
 import grabDirNames from "../data/grab-dir-names";
+import { isSchemaFileName } from "./resolve-and-load-data-file";
 export const ExportArchiveMembers = {
     SqlFileName: "dump.sql",
     SchemaFileName: AppData.DbSchemaFileName,
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ export function isSqlPath(filePath) {
     return filePath.toLowerCase().endsWith(".sql");
 }
 /**
- * Create a portable export archive (tar / tar.gz / zip) with dump.sql + schema.ts.
+ * Create a portable export archive (tar / tar.gz / zip) with dump.sql + schema file.
  */
 export async function writeExportArchive({ contents, outPath, }) {
     const lower = outPath.toLowerCase();
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ export async function writeExportArchive({ contents, outPath, }) {
     }
     const members = {
         [ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName]: contents.sql,
-        [ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName]: contents.schemaTs,
+        [contents.schemaFileName]: contents.schema,
     };
     const gzip = lower.endsWith(".gz") || lower.endsWith(".tgz");
     if (gzip) {
@@ -48,18 +49,20 @@ export async function readExportArchive(archivePath) {
     const files = await archive.files();
     const sql = (await readArchiveMember(files, ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName)) ??
         (await readFirstMatching(files, (name) => name.endsWith(".sql")));
-    const schemaTs = (await readArchiveMember(files, ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName)) ??
-        (await readFirstMatching(files, (name) => name.endsWith("schema.ts")));
+    const schemaEntry = await readFirstSchemaMember(files);
     if (!sql) {
         throw new Error(`Archive is missing SQL dump (expected \`${ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName}\`)`);
     }
-    if (!schemaTs) {
-        throw new Error(`Archive is missing schema TypeScript (expected \`${ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName}\`)`);
+    if (!schemaEntry) {
+        throw new Error(`Archive is missing schema file (expected \`${AppData.DbSchemaFileName}.ts|json|yaml|yml\`)`);
     }
-    return { sql, schemaTs };
+    return {
+        sql,
+        schema: schemaEntry.content,
+        schemaFileName: schemaEntry.fileName,
+    };
 }
 async function readArchiveMember(files, name) {
-    // Exact match, or basename match for nested paths
     for (const [entry, file] of files) {
         if (entry === name || path.basename(entry) === name) {
             return await file.text();
@@ -75,15 +78,27 @@ async function readFirstMatching(files, predicate) {
     }
     return null;
 }
+async function readFirstSchemaMember(files) {
+    for (const [entry, file] of files) {
+        const base = path.basename(entry);
+        if (isSchemaFileName(base)) {
+            return {
+                content: await file.text(),
+                fileName: base === AppData.DbSchemaFileName ? "schema.ts" : base,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
 async function writeZipArchive({ contents, outPath, }) {
     const { BUN_MARIADB_TEMP_DIR } = grabDirNames();
     const tempDir = path.join(BUN_MARIADB_TEMP_DIR, `export-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`);
     fs.mkdirSync(tempDir, { recursive: true });
     try {
         const sqlPath = path.join(tempDir, ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName);
-        const schemaPath = path.join(tempDir, ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName);
+        const schemaPath = path.join(tempDir, contents.schemaFileName);
         fs.writeFileSync(sqlPath, contents.sql, "utf-8");
-        fs.writeFileSync(schemaPath, contents.schemaTs, "utf-8");
+        fs.writeFileSync(schemaPath, contents.schema, "utf-8");
         const absOut = path.resolve(outPath);
         const proc = Bun.spawn([
             "zip",
@@ -91,7 +106,7 @@ async function writeZipArchive({ contents, outPath, }) {
             "-j",
             absOut,
             ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName,
-            ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName,
+            contents.schemaFileName,
         ], {
             cwd: tempDir,
             stdout: "pipe",
@@ -127,15 +142,18 @@ async function readZipArchive(archivePath) {
             throw new Error(`unzip failed (exit ${exitCode}): ${stderr || "unknown error"}. Ensure \`unzip\` is installed.`);
         }
         const sql = findFileContents(tempDir, (name) => name === ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName || name.endsWith(".sql"));
-        const schemaTs = findFileContents(tempDir, (name) => name === ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName ||
-            name.endsWith("schema.ts"));
+        const schemaHit = findSchemaFile(tempDir);
         if (!sql) {
             throw new Error(`Archive is missing SQL dump (expected \`${ExportArchiveMembers.SqlFileName}\`)`);
         }
-        if (!schemaTs) {
-            throw new Error(`Archive is missing schema TypeScript (expected \`${ExportArchiveMembers.SchemaFileName}\`)`);
+        if (!schemaHit) {
+            throw new Error(`Archive is missing schema file (expected \`${AppData.DbSchemaFileName}.ts|json|yaml|yml\`)`);
         }
-        return { sql, schemaTs };
+        return {
+            sql,
+            schema: schemaHit.content,
+            schemaFileName: schemaHit.fileName,
+        };
     }
     finally {
         fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
@@ -157,3 +175,24 @@ function findFileContents(dir, predicate) {
     }
     return null;
 }
+function findSchemaFile(dir) {
+    const stack = [dir];
+    while (stack.length) {
+        const current = stack.pop();
+        for (const entry of fs.readdirSync(current, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+            const full = path.join(current, entry.name);
+            if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+                stack.push(full);
+            }
+            else if (isSchemaFileName(entry.name)) {
+                return {
+                    content: fs.readFileSync(full, "utf-8"),
+                    fileName: entry.name === AppData.DbSchemaFileName
+                        ? "schema.ts"
+                        : entry.name,
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
diff --git a/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.d.ts b/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..959795d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
+export type DataFileFormat = "ts" | "js" | "json" | "yaml";
+export type ResolvedDataFile = {
+    path: string;
+    basename: string;
+    extension: (typeof AppData.SupportedDataFileExtensions)[number];
+    format: DataFileFormat;
+};
+export type LoadedDataFile<T> = ResolvedDataFile & {
+    data: T;
+};
+/**
+ * Resolve a basename (no extension) to an existing file among supported formats.
+ * Priority: .ts > .js > .json > .yaml > .yml
+ * Errors if multiple matches exist.
+ */
+export declare function resolveDataFile(dir: string, baseName: string): ResolvedDataFile | null;
+export declare function supportedDataFileNames(baseName: string): string;
+export declare function isSchemaFileName(name: string): boolean;
+/**
+ * Load a data file as a plain object.
+ * - .ts / .js: require() and use default export (or module itself)
+ * - .json: JSON.parse
+ * - .yaml / .yml: Bun.YAML.parse
+ */
+export declare function loadDataFile<T>(resolved: ResolvedDataFile): T;
+export declare function resolveAndLoadDataFile<T>(dir: string, baseName: string): LoadedDataFile<T> | null;
diff --git a/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.js b/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e806a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/utils/resolve-and-load-data-file.js
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import fs from "fs";
+import path from "path";
+import { AppData } from "../data/app-data";
+function extensionToFormat(extension) {
+    switch (extension) {
+        case ".ts":
+            return "ts";
+        case ".js":
+            return "js";
+        case ".json":
+            return "json";
+        case ".yaml":
+        case ".yml":
+            return "yaml";
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Resolve a basename (no extension) to an existing file among supported formats.
+ * Priority: .ts > .js > .json > .yaml > .yml
+ * Errors if multiple matches exist.
+ */
+export function resolveDataFile(dir, baseName) {
+    const matches = [];
+    for (const extension of AppData.SupportedDataFileExtensions) {
+        const filePath = path.join(dir, `${baseName}${extension}`);
+        if (fs.existsSync(filePath) && fs.statSync(filePath).isFile()) {
+            matches.push({
+                path: filePath,
+                basename: `${baseName}${extension}`,
+                extension,
+                format: extensionToFormat(extension),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    if (matches.length === 0) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (matches.length > 1) {
+        const found = matches.map((m) => m.basename).join(", ");
+        throw new Error(`Multiple \`${baseName}\` files found (${found}). Keep only one of: ${AppData.SupportedDataFileExtensions.join(", ")}`);
+    }
+    return matches[0];
+}
+export function supportedDataFileNames(baseName) {
+    return AppData.SupportedDataFileExtensions.map((ext) => `\`${baseName}${ext}\``).join(", ");
+}
+export function isSchemaFileName(name) {
+    const base = path.basename(name);
+    if (base === AppData.DbSchemaFileName) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return AppData.SupportedDataFileExtensions.some((ext) => base === `${AppData.DbSchemaFileName}${ext}`);
+}
+/**
+ * Load a data file as a plain object.
+ * - .ts / .js: require() and use default export (or module itself)
+ * - .json: JSON.parse
+ * - .yaml / .yml: Bun.YAML.parse
+ */
+export function loadDataFile(resolved) {
+    if (resolved.format === "ts" || resolved.format === "js") {
+        const imported = require(resolved.path);
+        const data = imported && typeof imported === "object" && "default" in imported
+            ? imported.default
+            : imported;
+        if (data == null) {
+            throw new Error(`No default export from \`${resolved.path}\`. Please export a default module.`);
+        }
+        return data;
+    }
+    const text = fs.readFileSync(resolved.path, "utf-8");
+    if (resolved.format === "json") {
+        return JSON.parse(text);
+    }
+    return Bun.YAML.parse(text);
+}
+export function resolveAndLoadDataFile(dir, baseName) {
+    const resolved = resolveDataFile(dir, baseName);
+    if (!resolved) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return {
+        ...resolved,
+        data: loadDataFile(resolved),
+    };
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index db6810d..1064559 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "name": "@moduletrace/bun-mariadb",
-    "version": "1.0.2",
+    "version": "1.0.3",
     "description": "Schema-driven MariaDB manager for Bun",
     "author": "Benjamin Toby",
     "license": "MIT",
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/build-column-definition.ts b/src/lib/schema/build-column-definition.ts
index 3cb75b9..4f15772 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/build-column-definition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/build-column-definition.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,14 @@ import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import mapDataType from "./map-data-types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 
+export type BuildColumnDefinitionOptions = {
+    /** UNIQUE is managed by syncUniqueConstraints on existing tables */
+    omitUnique?: boolean;
+};
+
 export default function buildColumnDefinition(
     field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    options: BuildColumnDefinitionOptions = {},
 ): string {
     if (!field.fieldName) {
         throw new Error("Field name is required");
@@ -29,7 +35,12 @@ export default function buildColumnDefinition(
     }
 
     // VECTOR columns cannot be UNIQUE in the usual sense
-    if (field.unique && !field.primaryKey && !isVectorField(field)) {
+    if (
+        !options.omitUnique &&
+        field.unique &&
+        !field.primaryKey &&
+        !isVectorField(field)
+    ) {
         parts.push("UNIQUE");
     }
 
@@ -51,3 +62,12 @@ export default function buildColumnDefinition(
 
     return parts.join(" ");
 }
+
+/** Whether schema field requires NOT NULL */
+export function fieldRequiresNotNull(
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+): boolean {
+    return Boolean(
+        field.notNullValue || field.primaryKey || isVectorField(field),
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.ts b/src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.ts
index a6d854b..76ac498 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
 import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 
+export function defaultForeignKeyName(
+    tableName: string,
+    fieldName: string,
+): string {
+    return `fk_${tableName}_${fieldName}`;
+}
+
+export function resolveForeignKeyName(
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    tableName: string,
+): string {
+    const fieldName = field.fieldName || "column";
+    return field.foreignKey?.foreignKeyName || defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName);
+}
+
 export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(
     field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    tableName: string,
 ): string {
     const fk = field.foreignKey!;
-    const constraintName = fk.foreignKeyName
-        ? `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.foreignKeyName)} `
-        : "";
+    const constraintName = resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName);
 
-    let constraint = `${constraintName}FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName!)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName!)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName!)})`;
+    let constraint = `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName!)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName!)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName!)})`;
 
     if (fk.cascadeDelete) {
         constraint += " ON DELETE CASCADE";
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/create-table.ts b/src/lib/schema/create-table.ts
index 4344a74..540cb60 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/create-table.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/create-table.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ export default async function createTable({
         }
 
         if (field.foreignKey && !table.isVector) {
-            foreignKeys.push(buildForeignKeyConstraint(field));
+            foreignKeys.push(
+                buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, table.tableName),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -42,21 +44,21 @@ export default async function createTable({
 
     if (table.uniqueConstraints) {
         for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints) {
-            if (
-                constraint.constraintTableFields &&
-                constraint.constraintTableFields.length > 0
-            ) {
-                const fields = constraint.constraintTableFields
-                    .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field.value))
-                    .join(", ");
-                const constraintName =
-                    constraint.constraintName ||
-                    `unique_${fields.replace(/`/g, "")}`;
+            const columns = (constraint.constraintTableFields || [])
+                .map((field) => field.value)
+                .filter((value): value is string => Boolean(value));
 
-                columnDefinitions.push(
-                    `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} UNIQUE (${fields})`,
-                );
+            if (columns.length === 0) {
+                continue;
             }
+
+            const fields = columns.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+            const constraintName =
+                constraint.constraintName || `unique_${columns.join("_")}`;
+
+            columnDefinitions.push(
+                `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} UNIQUE (${fields})`,
+            );
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/get-table-columns.ts b/src/lib/schema/get-table-columns.ts
index 5bc9b83..5c07781 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/get-table-columns.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/get-table-columns.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ export type ColumnInfoRow = {
     name: string;
     type: string;
     comment?: string;
+    isNullable: boolean;
+    columnDefault: string | null;
+    extra: string;
 };
 
 export default async function getTableColumns({
@@ -20,8 +23,11 @@ export default async function getTableColumns({
         COLUMN_NAME: string;
         COLUMN_TYPE: string;
         COLUMN_COMMENT: string;
+        IS_NULLABLE: string;
+        COLUMN_DEFAULT: string | null;
+        EXTRA: string;
     }>({
-        query: `SELECT COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_TYPE, COLUMN_COMMENT FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION`,
+        query: `SELECT COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_TYPE, COLUMN_COMMENT, IS_NULLABLE, COLUMN_DEFAULT, EXTRA FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION`,
         values: [...schemaCond.values, tableName],
         config,
     });
@@ -30,5 +36,8 @@ export default async function getTableColumns({
         name: row.COLUMN_NAME,
         type: row.COLUMN_TYPE,
         comment: row.COLUMN_COMMENT,
+        isNullable: String(row.IS_NULLABLE).toUpperCase() === "YES",
+        columnDefault: row.COLUMN_DEFAULT,
+        extra: row.EXTRA || "",
     }));
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.ts b/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.ts
index b80298c..88a42d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,14 @@ import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import {
+    dropObsoleteForeignKeys,
+    ensureForeignKeys,
+} from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import syncIndexes from "./sync-indexes";
+import syncPrimaryKey from "./sync-primary-key";
+import syncTableOptions from "./sync-table-options";
+import syncUniqueConstraints from "./sync-unique-constraints";
 import updateTable from "./update-table";
 import upsertDbManagerTable, {
     removeDbManagerTable,
@@ -21,7 +28,6 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({
 
     let tableExistsTracked = Boolean(db_manager_table_name);
     let tableExistsLive = Boolean(existing_live_table?.TABLE_NAME);
-    let wasRenamed = false;
 
     if (
         resolvedTable.tableNameOld &&
@@ -53,7 +59,6 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({
             });
             tableExistsTracked = true;
             tableExistsLive = true;
-            wasRenamed = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -64,17 +69,27 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({
             config,
         });
     } else {
-        if (!wasRenamed) {
-            await updateTable({
-                table: resolvedTable,
-                config,
-            });
-        }
+        // Columns first (also drops FKs on removed/modified columns)
+        await updateTable({
+            table: resolvedTable,
+            config,
+        });
         await upsertDbManagerTable({
             tableName: resolvedTable.tableName,
             config,
         });
     }
 
+    // Order matters:
+    // 1. Table options (engine/collation)
+    // 2. Drop obsolete/changed FKs (unlocks index cleanup)
+    // 3. Primary key
+    // 4. Indexes / uniques (FK columns need supporting indexes)
+    // 5. Ensure foreign keys exist
+    await syncTableOptions({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await syncPrimaryKey({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncIndexes({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await syncUniqueConstraints({ table: resolvedTable, config });
+    await ensureForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.ts b/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.ts
index 0ca2b40..b809d62 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTables(
             schemaTableNames.includes(row.TABLE_NAME) ||
             !tablesToDrop.includes(row.TABLE_NAME)
         ) {
-            const list = referencedByRemaining.get(row.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME) || [];
+            const list =
+                referencedByRemaining.get(row.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME) || [];
             if (!list.includes(row.TABLE_NAME)) {
                 list.push(row.TABLE_NAME);
             }
@@ -118,6 +119,7 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTables(
     }
 
     await runSchemaQuery({ query: `SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0`, config });
+
     try {
         for (const tableName of safeToDrop) {
             console.log(`Dropping table: ${tableName}`);
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.ts b/src/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af85347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+import type {
+    BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+    BunMariaDBConfig,
+} from "../../types";
+import buildForeignKeyConstraint, {
+    resolveForeignKeyName,
+} from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+
+export type DesiredForeignKey = {
+    name: string;
+    column: string;
+    refTable: string;
+    refColumn: string;
+    cascadeDelete: boolean;
+    cascadeUpdate: boolean;
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType;
+};
+
+export type LiveForeignKey = {
+    name: string;
+    column: string;
+    refTable: string;
+    refColumn: string;
+    deleteRule: string;
+    updateRule: string;
+};
+
+function normalizeRule(rule: string | undefined | null): string {
+    return String(rule || "RESTRICT").toUpperCase().replace(/_/g, " ");
+}
+
+function ruleIsCascade(rule: string): boolean {
+    return normalizeRule(rule) === "CASCADE";
+}
+
+function fkIdentityKey(fk: {
+    column: string;
+    refTable: string;
+    refColumn: string;
+}): string {
+    return `${fk.column}\0${fk.refTable}\0${fk.refColumn}`;
+}
+
+function rulesMatch(
+    live: LiveForeignKey,
+    desired: DesiredForeignKey,
+): boolean {
+    return (
+        ruleIsCascade(live.deleteRule) === desired.cascadeDelete &&
+        ruleIsCascade(live.updateRule) === desired.cascadeUpdate
+    );
+}
+
+export function grabDesiredForeignKeys(
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+): DesiredForeignKey[] {
+    if (table.isVector) {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    const desired: DesiredForeignKey[] = [];
+
+    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
+        const fk = field.foreignKey;
+        if (
+            !field.fieldName ||
+            !fk?.destinationTableName ||
+            !fk.destinationTableColumnName
+        ) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        desired.push({
+            name: resolveForeignKeyName(field, table.tableName),
+            column: field.fieldName,
+            refTable: fk.destinationTableName,
+            refColumn: fk.destinationTableColumnName,
+            cascadeDelete: Boolean(fk.cascadeDelete),
+            cascadeUpdate: Boolean(fk.cascadeUpdate),
+            field,
+        });
+    }
+
+    return desired;
+}
+
+export async function grabLiveForeignKeys({
+    tableName,
+    config,
+}: {
+    tableName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<LiveForeignKey[]> {
+    const databaseName = config?.db_name || global.CONFIG?.db_name;
+    const schemaWhere = databaseName
+        ? "rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = ?"
+        : "rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()";
+    const schemaValues = databaseName ? [databaseName] : [];
+
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows<{
+        CONSTRAINT_NAME: string;
+        COLUMN_NAME: string;
+        REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME: string;
+        REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME: string;
+        DELETE_RULE: string;
+        UPDATE_RULE: string;
+    }>({
+        query: `
+            SELECT
+                rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
+                kcu.COLUMN_NAME,
+                kcu.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME,
+                kcu.REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME,
+                rc.DELETE_RULE,
+                rc.UPDATE_RULE
+            FROM information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
+            INNER JOIN information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+                ON rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+                AND rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+                AND rc.TABLE_NAME = kcu.TABLE_NAME
+            WHERE ${schemaWhere}
+                AND rc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND kcu.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME IS NOT NULL
+            ORDER BY rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaValues, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+
+    // Single-column FKs only (schema model is one FK per field)
+    const byName = new Map<string, LiveForeignKey>();
+    for (const row of rows) {
+        if (byName.has(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        byName.set(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME, {
+            name: row.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
+            column: row.COLUMN_NAME,
+            refTable: row.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME,
+            refColumn: row.REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME,
+            deleteRule: row.DELETE_RULE,
+            updateRule: row.UPDATE_RULE,
+        });
+    }
+
+    return [...byName.values()];
+}
+
+export async function dropForeignKey({
+    tableName,
+    constraintName,
+    config,
+}: {
+    tableName: string;
+    constraintName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    console.log(
+        `Dropping foreign key: ${constraintName} on ${tableName}`,
+    );
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} DROP FOREIGN KEY ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
+
+export async function dropForeignKeysOnColumns({
+    tableName,
+    columns,
+    config,
+}: {
+    tableName: string;
+    columns: string[];
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    if (columns.length === 0) return;
+
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({ tableName, config });
+    const colSet = new Set(columns);
+
+    for (const fk of live) {
+        if (colSet.has(fk.column)) {
+            await dropForeignKey({
+                tableName,
+                constraintName: fk.name,
+                config,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drop foreign keys that are removed from schema or need recreation
+ * (name/cascade/target changed). Run before index cleanup.
+ */
+export async function dropObsoleteForeignKeys({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const desired = grabDesiredForeignKeys(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+
+    const keepNames = new Set<string>();
+    const droppedNames = new Set<string>();
+
+    const dropOnce = async (name: string) => {
+        if (droppedNames.has(name)) return;
+        droppedNames.add(name);
+        await dropForeignKey({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            constraintName: name,
+            config,
+        });
+    };
+
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const byIdentity = live.find(
+            (existing) =>
+                !keepNames.has(existing.name) &&
+                !droppedNames.has(existing.name) &&
+                fkIdentityKey(existing) === fkIdentityKey(want),
+        );
+
+        if (
+            byIdentity &&
+            rulesMatch(byIdentity, want) &&
+            byIdentity.name === want.name
+        ) {
+            keepNames.add(byIdentity.name);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Changed relationship → drop so ensureForeignKeys can recreate
+        if (byIdentity) {
+            await dropOnce(byIdentity.name);
+        }
+
+        const byName = live.find((existing) => existing.name === want.name);
+        if (byName && byName !== byIdentity) {
+            await dropOnce(byName.name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const existing of live) {
+        if (keepNames.has(existing.name) || droppedNames.has(existing.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Not in schema anymore
+        await dropOnce(existing.name);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ensure all desired foreign keys exist. Run after indexes/uniques.
+ */
+export async function ensureForeignKeys({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const desired = grabDesiredForeignKeys(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveForeignKeys({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const exists = live.some(
+            (existing) =>
+                fkIdentityKey(existing) === fkIdentityKey(want) &&
+                rulesMatch(existing, want) &&
+                existing.name === want.name,
+        );
+
+        if (exists) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        console.log(
+            `Creating foreign key: ${want.name} (${want.column} → ${want.refTable}.${want.refColumn}) on ${table.tableName}`,
+        );
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD ${buildForeignKeyConstraint(want.field, table.tableName)}`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+export default async function syncForeignKeys({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table, config });
+    await ensureForeignKeys({ table, config });
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/sync-indexes.ts b/src/lib/schema/sync-indexes.ts
index c1be727..4f112cf 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/sync-indexes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/sync-indexes.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import { grabDesiredUniqueConstraints } from "./sync-unique-constraints";
 
 function isVectorIndexDef(
     index: BUN_MARIADB_IndexSchemaType,
@@ -28,6 +29,88 @@ function vectorDistanceMetric(index: BUN_MARIADB_IndexSchemaType): string {
     return "euclidean";
 }
 
+/** Normalize schema index type vs information_schema.INDEX_TYPE */
+function indexTypesMatch(
+    liveType: string,
+    schemaIndex: BUN_MARIADB_IndexSchemaType,
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+): boolean {
+    const live = (liveType || "").toUpperCase();
+    const schemaType = schemaIndex.indexType?.toUpperCase();
+
+    if (isVectorIndexDef(schemaIndex, table)) {
+        // MariaDB may report VECTOR indexes as BTREE or VECTOR depending on version
+        return live === "VECTOR" || live === "BTREE" || live === "";
+    }
+
+    if (!schemaType || schemaType === "BTREE") {
+        // Default / unspecified → BTREE
+        return live === "BTREE" || live === "";
+    }
+
+    if (schemaType === "FULLTEXT") {
+        return live === "FULLTEXT";
+    }
+
+    if (schemaType === "SPATIAL") {
+        return live === "SPATIAL";
+    }
+
+    if (schemaType === "HASH") {
+        return live === "HASH";
+    }
+
+    return live === schemaType;
+}
+
+async function createIndex({
+    table,
+    index,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    index: BUN_MARIADB_IndexSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    if (
+        !index.indexName ||
+        !index.indexTableFields ||
+        index.indexTableFields.length === 0
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (isVectorIndexDef(index, table)) {
+        console.log(`Creating Vector index: ${index.indexName}`);
+        const targetField = MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexTableFields[0]!);
+        const distanceMetric = vectorDistanceMetric(index);
+
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD VECTOR INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} (${targetField}) M=8 DISTANCE=${distanceMetric}`,
+            config,
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
+    const fields = index.indexTableFields
+        .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
+        .join(", ");
+    const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
+    const isSpecialType =
+        typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
+    const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
+    const indexSuffix =
+        !isSpecialType && (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")
+            ? ` USING ${typeUpper}`
+            : "";
+
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `CREATE ${indexPrefix}INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${fields})${indexSuffix}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
+
 export default async function syncIndexes({
     table,
     config,
@@ -62,17 +145,8 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({
         protectedConstraintRows.map((r) => r.CONSTRAINT_NAME),
     );
 
-    // Column-level UNIQUE creates an index often named after the column
-    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
-        if (field.unique && field.fieldName) {
-            protectedIndexNames.add(field.fieldName);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints || []) {
-        if (constraint.constraintName) {
-            protectedIndexNames.add(constraint.constraintName);
-        }
+    for (const constraint of grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table)) {
+        protectedIndexNames.add(constraint.name);
     }
 
     const existingIndexesMap = new Map<
@@ -106,6 +180,7 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({
                     query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
                     config,
                 });
+                existingIndexesMap.delete(indexName);
             } catch (err: any) {
                 if (
                     String(err?.message || "").includes(
@@ -124,8 +199,13 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({
             const columnsMatch =
                 details.columns.length === schemaColumns.length &&
                 details.columns.every((col, idx) => col === schemaColumns[idx]);
+            const typeMatch = indexTypesMatch(
+                details.type,
+                schemaIndex,
+                table,
+            );
 
-            if (!columnsMatch) {
+            if (!columnsMatch || !typeMatch) {
                 console.log(`Recreating changed index: ${indexName}`);
                 await runSchemaQuery({
                     query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
@@ -146,35 +226,7 @@ export default async function syncIndexes({
         }
 
         if (!existingIndexesMap.has(index.indexName)) {
-            if (isVectorIndexDef(index, table)) {
-                console.log(`Creating Vector index: ${index.indexName}`);
-                const targetField = MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexTableFields[0]!);
-                const distanceMetric = vectorDistanceMetric(index);
-
-                await runSchemaQuery({
-                    query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD VECTOR INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} (${targetField}) M=8 DISTANCE=${distanceMetric}`,
-                    config,
-                });
-            } else {
-                console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
-                const fields = index.indexTableFields
-                    .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
-                    .join(", ");
-                const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
-                const isSpecialType =
-                    typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
-                const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
-                const indexSuffix =
-                    !isSpecialType &&
-                    (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")
-                        ? ` USING ${typeUpper}`
-                        : "";
-
-                await runSchemaQuery({
-                    query: `CREATE ${indexPrefix}INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(index.indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${fields})${indexSuffix}`,
-                    config,
-                });
-            }
+            await createIndex({ table, index, config });
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.ts b/src/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beeecfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/schema/sync-primary-key.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import type {
+    BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+    BunMariaDBConfig,
+} from "../../types";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+
+function columnsEqual(a: string[], b: string[]): boolean {
+    return a.length === b.length && a.every((col, i) => col === b[i]);
+}
+
+export function grabDesiredPrimaryKeyColumns(
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+): string[] {
+    return (table.fields || [])
+        .filter((field) => field.primaryKey && field.fieldName)
+        .map((field) => field.fieldName!);
+}
+
+async function grabLivePrimaryKeyColumns({
+    tableName,
+    config,
+}: {
+    tableName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<string[]> {
+    const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows<{
+        COLUMN_NAME: string;
+        ORDINAL_POSITION: number;
+    }>({
+        query: `
+            SELECT COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION
+            FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
+            WHERE ${schemaCond.where}
+                AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'PRIMARY'
+            ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaCond.values, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+
+    return rows.map((row) => row.COLUMN_NAME);
+}
+
+export default async function syncPrimaryKey({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const desired = grabDesiredPrimaryKeyColumns(table);
+    const live = await grabLivePrimaryKeyColumns({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+
+    if (columnsEqual(desired, live)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (live.length > 0) {
+        console.log(`Dropping primary key on ${table.tableName}`);
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP PRIMARY KEY`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+
+    if (desired.length > 0) {
+        const cols = desired.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+        console.log(
+            `Creating primary key (${desired.join(", ")}) on ${table.tableName}`,
+        );
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD PRIMARY KEY (${cols})`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/sync-table-options.ts b/src/lib/schema/sync-table-options.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..758532c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/schema/sync-table-options.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import type {
+    BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+    BunMariaDBConfig,
+} from "../../types";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+
+export default async function syncTableOptions({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows<{
+        ENGINE: string;
+        TABLE_COLLATION: string;
+    }>({
+        query: `SELECT ENGINE, TABLE_COLLATION FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE ${schemaCond.where} AND TABLE_NAME = ? AND TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE'`,
+        values: [...schemaCond.values, table.tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+
+    const live = rows[0];
+    if (!live) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const alters: string[] = [];
+
+    if ((live.ENGINE || "").toUpperCase() !== "INNODB") {
+        alters.push("ENGINE=InnoDB");
+    }
+
+    if (table.collation) {
+        const liveCollation = (live.TABLE_COLLATION || "").toLowerCase();
+        if (liveCollation !== table.collation.toLowerCase()) {
+            alters.push(
+                `CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE ${table.collation}`,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (alters.length === 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    console.log(
+        `Updating table options on ${table.tableName}: ${alters.join(", ")}`,
+    );
+    await runSchemaQuery({
+        query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ${alters.join(", ")}`,
+        config,
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.ts b/src/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcaf187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/schema/sync-unique-constraints.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+import type {
+    BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+    BunMariaDBConfig,
+} from "../../types";
+import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
+import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
+
+type UniqueConstraintLive = {
+    name: string;
+    columns: string[];
+};
+
+type UniqueConstraintDesired = {
+    name: string;
+    columns: string[];
+};
+
+function columnsKey(columns: string[]): string {
+    return columns.join("\0");
+}
+
+function columnsEqual(a: string[], b: string[]): boolean {
+    return a.length === b.length && a.every((col, i) => col === b[i]);
+}
+
+function defaultConstraintName(columns: string[]): string {
+    return `unique_${columns.join("_")}`;
+}
+
+export function grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
+): UniqueConstraintDesired[] {
+    const desired: UniqueConstraintDesired[] = [];
+    const seenColumnSets = new Set<string>();
+
+    for (const constraint of table.uniqueConstraints || []) {
+        const columns = (constraint.constraintTableFields || [])
+            .map((field) => field.value)
+            .filter((value): value is string => Boolean(value));
+
+        if (columns.length === 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const key = columnsKey(columns);
+        if (seenColumnSets.has(key)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        seenColumnSets.add(key);
+
+        desired.push({
+            name: constraint.constraintName || defaultConstraintName(columns),
+            columns,
+        });
+    }
+
+    for (const field of table.fields || []) {
+        if (
+            !field.fieldName ||
+            !field.unique ||
+            field.primaryKey ||
+            isVectorField(field)
+        ) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const columns = [field.fieldName];
+        const key = columnsKey(columns);
+        if (seenColumnSets.has(key)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        seenColumnSets.add(key);
+
+        // Matches MariaDB's default name for column-level UNIQUE
+        desired.push({
+            name: field.fieldName,
+            columns,
+        });
+    }
+
+    return desired;
+}
+
+async function grabLiveUniqueConstraints({
+    tableName,
+    config,
+}: {
+    tableName: string;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<UniqueConstraintLive[]> {
+    const databaseName = config?.db_name || global.CONFIG?.db_name;
+    const schemaWhere = databaseName
+        ? "tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = ?"
+        : "tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()";
+    const schemaValues = databaseName ? [databaseName] : [];
+
+    const rows = await querySchemaRows<{
+        CONSTRAINT_NAME: string;
+        COLUMN_NAME: string;
+        ORDINAL_POSITION: number;
+    }>({
+        query: `
+            SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.COLUMN_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+            FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+            INNER JOIN information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+                ON tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+                AND tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+                AND tc.TABLE_NAME = kcu.TABLE_NAME
+            WHERE ${schemaWhere}
+                AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+                AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'UNIQUE'
+            ORDER BY tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME, kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION
+        `,
+        values: [...schemaValues, tableName],
+        config,
+    });
+
+    const map = new Map<string, string[]>();
+    for (const row of rows) {
+        if (!map.has(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME)) {
+            map.set(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME, []);
+        }
+        map.get(row.CONSTRAINT_NAME)!.push(row.COLUMN_NAME);
+    }
+
+    return [...map.entries()].map(([name, columns]) => ({ name, columns }));
+}
+
+export default async function syncUniqueConstraints({
+    table,
+    config,
+}: {
+    table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType;
+    config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const desired = grabDesiredUniqueConstraints(table);
+    const live = await grabLiveUniqueConstraints({
+        tableName: table.tableName,
+        config,
+    });
+
+    const matchedLiveNames = new Set<string>();
+
+    for (const want of desired) {
+        const byColumns = live.find(
+            (existing) =>
+                !matchedLiveNames.has(existing.name) &&
+                columnsEqual(existing.columns, want.columns),
+        );
+
+        if (byColumns) {
+            matchedLiveNames.add(byColumns.name);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const byName = live.find((existing) => existing.name === want.name);
+        if (byName && !matchedLiveNames.has(byName.name)) {
+            console.log(
+                `Recreating changed unique constraint: ${want.name} on ${table.tableName}`,
+            );
+            await runSchemaQuery({
+                query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(byName.name)}`,
+                config,
+            });
+            matchedLiveNames.add(byName.name);
+        }
+
+        const fields = want.columns.map((col) => MariaDBQuoteGen(col)).join(", ");
+        console.log(
+            `Creating unique constraint: ${want.name} (${want.columns.join(", ")}) on ${table.tableName}`,
+        );
+        await runSchemaQuery({
+            query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} ADD CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(want.name)} UNIQUE (${fields})`,
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+
+    for (const existing of live) {
+        if (matchedLiveNames.has(existing.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const stillDesired = desired.some((want) =>
+            columnsEqual(want.columns, existing.columns),
+        );
+        if (stillDesired) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        console.log(
+            `Dropping unique constraint: ${existing.name} on ${table.tableName}`,
+        );
+        try {
+            await runSchemaQuery({
+                query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(existing.name)}`,
+                config,
+            });
+        } catch (err: any) {
+            if (
+                String(err?.message || "").includes(
+                    "needed in a foreign key constraint",
+                )
+            ) {
+                console.warn(
+                    `Skipping drop of unique constraint ${existing.name}: required by a foreign key constraint`,
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/schema/update-table.ts b/src/lib/schema/update-table.ts
index 34af85a..606e1e5 100644
--- a/src/lib/schema/update-table.ts
+++ b/src/lib/schema/update-table.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ import type {
     BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
     BunMariaDBConfig,
 } from "../../types";
-import buildColumnDefinition from "./build-column-definition";
+import buildColumnDefinition, {
+    fieldRequiresNotNull,
+} from "./build-column-definition";
 import createTable from "./create-table";
-import getTableColumns from "./get-table-columns";
+import getTableColumns, { type ColumnInfoRow } from "./get-table-columns";
 import isVectorField from "./is-vector-field";
 import mapDataType from "./map-data-types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import recreateTable from "./recreate-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
+import { dropForeignKeysOnColumns } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 
 /**
  * Compare live COLUMN_TYPE with schema-mapped type.
@@ -54,6 +57,95 @@ function vectorTypeDiverged(
     return true;
 }
 
+function normalizeDefault(value: string | null | undefined): string {
+    if (value == null) return "";
+    let v = String(value).trim();
+    // Strip surrounding quotes MariaDB may include
+    if (
+        (v.startsWith("'") && v.endsWith("'")) ||
+        (v.startsWith('"') && v.endsWith('"'))
+    ) {
+        v = v.slice(1, -1);
+    }
+    return v.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, " ");
+}
+
+function expectedDefault(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType): string | null {
+    if (field.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+        return String(field.defaultValue);
+    }
+    if (field.defaultValueLiteral) {
+        return field.defaultValueLiteral;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function expectedOnUpdate(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType): string | null {
+    if (field.onUpdate) return field.onUpdate;
+    if (field.onUpdateLiteral) return field.onUpdateLiteral;
+    return null;
+}
+
+function defaultsMatch(liveDefault: string, expected: string): boolean {
+    if (liveDefault === expected) return true;
+    if (
+        expected.includes("current_timestamp") &&
+        liveDefault.includes("current_timestamp")
+    ) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+function columnAttributesDiverged(
+    live: ColumnInfoRow,
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+): boolean {
+    const wantsNotNull = fieldRequiresNotNull(field);
+    if (wantsNotNull && live.isNullable) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (!wantsNotNull && !live.isNullable && !field.primaryKey) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const liveExtra = (live.extra || "").toLowerCase();
+    const wantsAi = Boolean(field.autoIncrement);
+    const hasAi = liveExtra.includes("auto_increment");
+    if (wantsAi !== hasAi) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const wantsDefault = expectedDefault(field);
+    if (wantsDefault != null) {
+        const liveDefault = normalizeDefault(live.columnDefault);
+        const expected = normalizeDefault(wantsDefault);
+        if (!defaultsMatch(liveDefault, expected)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const wantsOnUpdate = expectedOnUpdate(field);
+    const hasOnUpdate = /on update/i.test(live.extra || "");
+    if (wantsOnUpdate && !hasOnUpdate) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (!wantsOnUpdate && hasOnUpdate) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (wantsOnUpdate && hasOnUpdate) {
+        const liveOnUpdate = normalizeDefault(
+            (live.extra.match(/on update\s+(.+)/i) || [])[1] || "",
+        );
+        const expectedOu = normalizeDefault(wantsOnUpdate);
+        if (liveOnUpdate && expectedOu && !defaultsMatch(liveOnUpdate, expectedOu)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 async function addColumn({
     tableName,
     field,
@@ -64,7 +156,8 @@ async function addColumn({
     config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
 }): Promise<void> {
     console.log(`Adding column: ${tableName}.${field.fieldName}`);
-    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field).trim();
+    // omitUnique — unique constraints are applied by syncUniqueConstraints
+    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field, { omitUnique: true }).trim();
     await runSchemaQuery({
         query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS ${columnDef}`,
         config,
@@ -81,7 +174,7 @@ async function modifyColumn({
     config?: BunMariaDBConfig;
 }): Promise<void> {
     console.log(`Modifying column: ${tableName}.${field.fieldName}`);
-    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field).trim();
+    const columnDef = buildColumnDefinition(field, { omitUnique: true }).trim();
     await runSchemaQuery({
         query: `ALTER TABLE ${MariaDBQuoteGen(tableName)} MODIFY COLUMN ${columnDef}`,
         config,
@@ -122,10 +215,7 @@ export default async function updateTable({
     }
 
     const liveFieldsMap = new Map(
-        existingColumns.map((col) => [
-            col.name,
-            { type: col.type.toLowerCase(), comment: col.comment || "" },
-        ]),
+        existingColumns.map((col) => [col.name, col]),
     );
     const codeFieldsMap = new Map(
         (table.fields || []).map((f) => [f.fieldName, f]),
@@ -142,8 +232,6 @@ export default async function updateTable({
         const liveField = liveFieldsMap.get(field.fieldName);
 
         if (!liveField) {
-            // Adding a new vector column can require rebuild if VECTOR INDEX
-            // constraints conflict; still try surgical add first.
             fieldsToAdd.push(field);
         } else {
             let typeDiverged = !columnTypesMatch(
@@ -154,7 +242,7 @@ export default async function updateTable({
             if (isVectorField(field)) {
                 typeDiverged = vectorTypeDiverged(
                     liveField.type,
-                    liveField.comment,
+                    liveField.comment || "",
                     field,
                 );
                 if (typeDiverged) {
@@ -162,7 +250,10 @@ export default async function updateTable({
                 }
             }
 
-            if (typeDiverged) {
+            const attrsDiverged =
+                !typeDiverged && columnAttributesDiverged(liveField, field);
+
+            if (typeDiverged || attrsDiverged) {
                 fieldsToModify.push(field);
             }
         }
@@ -196,6 +287,13 @@ export default async function updateTable({
     );
 
     if (fieldsToDrop.length > 0) {
+        // Drop FKs that reference columns being removed
+        await dropForeignKeysOnColumns({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            columns: fieldsToDrop,
+            config,
+        });
+
         const schemaCond = schemaCondition(config);
 
         const pkRows = await querySchemaRows<{ COLUMN_NAME: string }>({
@@ -235,13 +333,38 @@ export default async function updateTable({
             console.log(
                 `Dropping index ${indexName} because it contains a dropped column`,
             );
-            await runSchemaQuery({
-                query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
-                config,
-            });
+            try {
+                await runSchemaQuery({
+                    query: `DROP INDEX ${MariaDBQuoteGen(indexName)} ON ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)}`,
+                    config,
+                });
+            } catch (err: any) {
+                if (
+                    String(err?.message || "").includes(
+                        "needed in a foreign key constraint",
+                    )
+                ) {
+                    console.warn(
+                        `Skipping drop of index ${indexName}: required by a foreign key constraint`,
+                    );
+                    continue;
+                }
+                throw err;
+            }
         }
     }
 
+    // Drop FKs on columns being modified (MODIFY can fail with FK present)
+    if (fieldsToModify.length > 0) {
+        await dropForeignKeysOnColumns({
+            tableName: table.tableName,
+            columns: fieldsToModify
+                .map((f) => f.fieldName)
+                .filter((n): n is string => Boolean(n)),
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+
     for (const field of fieldsToAdd) {
         await addColumn({ tableName: table.tableName, field, config });
     }