Fix bugs, improve schema gen

README.md

@@ -307,15 +307,41 @@ type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType = {
 ### Foreign Key
 
 ```ts
+type BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule =
+    | "CASCADE"
+    | "SET NULL"
+    | "RESTRICT"
+    | "NO ACTION";
+
 interface BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyType {
     foreignKeyName?: string;
     destinationTableName?: string;
     destinationTableColumnName?: string;
-    cascadeDelete?: boolean;
+    cascadeDelete?: boolean; // shorthand for onDelete: "CASCADE"
-    cascadeUpdate?: boolean;
+    cascadeUpdate?: boolean; // shorthand for onUpdate: "CASCADE"
+    onDelete?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule; // default RESTRICT
+    onUpdate?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule; // default RESTRICT
 }
 ```
 
+```ts
+{
+    fieldName: "author_id",
+    dataType: "BIGINT",
+    foreignKey: {
+        foreignKeyName: "post_author_fk",
+        destinationTableName: "users",
+        destinationTableColumnName: "id",
+        onDelete: "SET NULL", // column must be nullable
+    },
+}
+```
+
+- `onDelete` / `onUpdate` take precedence over the `cascadeDelete` / `cascadeUpdate` shorthands. The deprecated field-level `onDeleteLiteral` / `onDelete` are still honored as the FK's ON DELETE action when `foreignKey.onDelete` is not set.
+- `SET NULL` on a `notNullValue` or primary key column is rejected when the schema syncs.
+- Changing a rule on an existing FK drops and recreates the constraint. `NO ACTION` and `RESTRICT` are treated as the same rule, so switching between them causes no churn.
+- Foreign keys are created after every table exists. Self references (e.g. `comments.parent_comment_id`), forward references and cycles between tables are all supported.
+
 ### Index
 
 ```ts

dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.d.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
-import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
+import { type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, type BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule } from "../../types";
 export declare function defaultForeignKeyName(tableName: string, fieldName: string): string;
 export declare function resolveForeignKeyName(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, tableName: string): string;
+/**
+ * Normalize a referential action as MariaDB reports it in
+ * `information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS`. InnoDB treats `NO ACTION`
+ * exactly like `RESTRICT`, so both compare as `RESTRICT`.
+ */
+export declare function normalizeForeignKeyRule(rule: string | undefined | null): BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+/**
+ * Resolve the ON DELETE / ON UPDATE actions for a field's foreign key.
+ * Precedence: `foreignKey.onDelete` > field `onDeleteLiteral` / `onDelete`
+ * (legacy) > `cascadeDelete` > `RESTRICT`. Same for update, except the
+ * field-level `onUpdate*` keys are column `ON UPDATE` clauses, not FK rules.
+ */
+export declare function resolveForeignKeyRules(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, tableName?: string): {
+    onDelete: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+    onUpdate: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+};
 export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, tableName: string): string;

dist/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.js

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules, } from "../../types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 export function defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName) {
     return `fk_${tableName}_${fieldName}`;
@@ -6,15 +7,52 @@ export function resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName) {
     const fieldName = field.fieldName || "column";
     return field.foreignKey?.foreignKeyName || defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName);
 }
+/**
+ * Normalize a referential action as MariaDB reports it in
+ * `information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS`. InnoDB treats `NO ACTION`
+ * exactly like `RESTRICT`, so both compare as `RESTRICT`.
+ */
+export function normalizeForeignKeyRule(rule) {
+    const normalized = String(rule || "RESTRICT")
+        .trim()
+        .toUpperCase()
+        .replace(/[_\s]+/g, " ");
+    if (normalized === "NO ACTION")
+        return "RESTRICT";
+    if (!BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules.includes(normalized)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid foreign key rule \`${rule}\`. Expected one of: ${BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules.join(", ")}`);
+    }
+    return normalized;
+}
+/**
+ * Resolve the ON DELETE / ON UPDATE actions for a field's foreign key.
+ * Precedence: `foreignKey.onDelete` > field `onDeleteLiteral` / `onDelete`
+ * (legacy) > `cascadeDelete` > `RESTRICT`. Same for update, except the
+ * field-level `onUpdate*` keys are column `ON UPDATE` clauses, not FK rules.
+ */
+export function resolveForeignKeyRules(field, tableName) {
+    const fk = field.foreignKey || {};
+    const onDelete = normalizeForeignKeyRule(fk.onDelete ||
+        field.onDeleteLiteral ||
+        field.onDelete ||
+        (fk.cascadeDelete ? "CASCADE" : "RESTRICT"));
+    const onUpdate = normalizeForeignKeyRule(fk.onUpdate || (fk.cascadeUpdate ? "CASCADE" : "RESTRICT"));
+    if ((onDelete === "SET NULL" || onUpdate === "SET NULL") &&
+        (field.notNullValue || field.primaryKey)) {
+        throw new Error(`Foreign key on \`${tableName ? `${tableName}.` : ""}${field.fieldName}\` uses SET NULL but the column is NOT NULL`);
+    }
+    return { onDelete, onUpdate };
+}
 export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, tableName) {
     const fk = field.foreignKey;
     const constraintName = resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName);
+    const { onDelete, onUpdate } = resolveForeignKeyRules(field, tableName);
     let constraint = `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName)})`;
-    if (fk.cascadeDelete) {
+    if (onDelete !== "RESTRICT") {
-        constraint += " ON DELETE CASCADE";
+        constraint += ` ON DELETE ${onDelete}`;
     }
-    if (fk.cascadeUpdate) {
+    if (onUpdate !== "RESTRICT") {
-        constraint += " ON UPDATE CASCADE";
+        constraint += ` ON UPDATE ${onUpdate}`;
     }
     return constraint;
 }

dist/lib/schema/create-table.js

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import buildColumnDefinition from "./build-column-definition";
-import buildForeignKeyConstraint from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
 import buildTableOptions from "./build-table-options";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery from "./run-schema-query";
@@ -8,16 +7,12 @@ export default async function createTable({ table, config, }) {
         console.log(`Creating table: ${table.tableName}`);
     }
     const columnDefinitions = [];
-    const foreignKeys = [];
     const primaryKeys = [];
     for (const field of table.fields || []) {
         columnDefinitions.push(buildColumnDefinition(field));
         if (field.primaryKey && field.fieldName) {
             primaryKeys.push(field.fieldName);
         }
-        if (field.foreignKey) {
-            foreignKeys.push(buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, table.tableName));
-        }
     }
     if (primaryKeys.length > 0) {
         const pkCols = primaryKeys.map((k) => MariaDBQuoteGen(k)).join(", ");
@@ -36,6 +31,11 @@ export default async function createTable({ table, config, }) {
             columnDefinitions.push(`CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} UNIQUE (${fields})`);
         }
     }
-    const sql = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${[...columnDefinitions, ...foreignKeys].join(", ")})${buildTableOptions(table)}`;
+    /**
+     * Foreign keys are not declared inline. `handleDBSchemaTables` adds them
+     * with `ensureForeignKeys` once every table exists, so forward references,
+     * self references and FK cycles all work regardless of table order.
+     */
+    const sql = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${columnDefinitions.join(", ")})${buildTableOptions(table)}`;
     await runSchemaQuery({ query: sql, config });
 }

dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.js

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
-import { dropObsoleteForeignKeys, ensureForeignKeys, } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
+import { dropObsoleteForeignKeys } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import syncIndexes from "./sync-indexes";
 import syncPrimaryKey from "./sync-primary-key";
 import syncTableOptions from "./sync-table-options";
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({ db_schema, config, table, db
     // 2. Drop obsolete/changed FKs (unlocks index cleanup)
     // 3. Primary key
     // 4. Indexes / uniques (FK columns need supporting indexes)
-    // 5. Ensure foreign keys exist
+    // Foreign keys are ensured by `handleDBSchemaTables` after every table
+    // has been created/updated.
     await syncTableOptions({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncPrimaryKey({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncIndexes({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncUniqueConstraints({ table: resolvedTable, config });
-    await ensureForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
 }

dist/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.js

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import { AppData } from "../../data/app-data";
 import handleDBSchemaTable from "./handle-db-schema-table";
 import getExistingTablesFromTablesManagerTable from "./get-existing-tables-from-tables-manager-table";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
+import { ensureForeignKeys } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
 import { removeDbManagerTable } from "./upsert-db-manager-table";
@@ -32,6 +34,18 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTables(params) {
             existing_live_table,
         });
     }
+    /**
+     * Foreign keys last: every referenced table now exists, so forward
+     * references, self references and cycles between tables all resolve.
+     */
+    for (const table of db_schema.tables) {
+        if (!table)
+            continue;
+        await ensureForeignKeys({
+            table: resolveTable(table, db_schema),
+            config,
+        });
+    }
     /**
      * Drop tables tracked by the manager but no longer in the schema.
      * Skip drops when remaining schema tables still reference the table via FK

dist/lib/schema/order-db-schema.d.ts

@@ -1,2 +1,13 @@
 import type { BUN_MARIADB_DatabaseSchemaType, CreateDBSchemaParams } from "../../types";
+/**
+ * Topologically order tables so referenced (parent) tables come before the
+ * tables that reference them. Declaration order is kept wherever the FK
+ * graph allows it.
+ *
+ * - Self references (e.g. `comments.parent_comment_id`) are ignored.
+ * - References to tables outside the schema are ignored.
+ * - Cycles do not throw: a table already on the current path is skipped,
+ *   so every table is still emitted exactly once. Foreign keys are created
+ *   after all tables exist, so cycles are safe to sync.
+ */
 export default function orderDBSchema({ db_schema, }: CreateDBSchemaParams): Promise<BUN_MARIADB_DatabaseSchemaType>;

dist/lib/schema/order-db-schema.js

@@ -1,57 +1,49 @@
 import _ from "lodash";
+/**
+ * Topologically order tables so referenced (parent) tables come before the
+ * tables that reference them. Declaration order is kept wherever the FK
+ * graph allows it.
+ *
+ * - Self references (e.g. `comments.parent_comment_id`) are ignored.
+ * - References to tables outside the schema are ignored.
+ * - Cycles do not throw: a table already on the current path is skipped,
+ *   so every table is still emitted exactly once. Foreign keys are created
+ *   after all tables exist, so cycles are safe to sync.
+ */
 export default async function orderDBSchema({ db_schema, }) {
-    let new_db_schema = _.cloneDeep(db_schema);
+    const new_db_schema = _.cloneDeep(db_schema);
     const tables = new_db_schema.tables;
-    let new_tables_set = new Set();
+    const tables_by_name = new Map();
-    let new_tables_start_set = new Set();
+    for (const table of tables) {
-    let new_tables_end_set = new Set();
+        if (table)
-    function setParentTable(table) {
+            tables_by_name.set(table.tableName, table);
-        const fields = table.fields;
-        let does_table_have_foreign_keys = false;
-        for (let f = 0; f < fields.length; f++) {
-            const field = fields[f];
-            if (!field)
-                continue;
-            const dst_table_name = field.foreignKey?.destinationTableName;
-            if (dst_table_name) {
-                const fk_table = tables.find((tb) => tb.tableName == dst_table_name);
-                if (fk_table &&
-                    !new_tables_start_set.has(fk_table) &&
-                    !new_tables_end_set.has(fk_table)) {
-                    setParentTable(fk_table);
     }
-                new_tables_end_set.add(table);
+    const ordered = [];
+    const visited = new Set();
+    const visiting = new Set();
+    function visit(table) {
+        if (visited.has(table.tableName) || visiting.has(table.tableName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        visiting.add(table.tableName);
+        for (const field of table.fields || []) {
+            const dst_table_name = field?.foreignKey?.destinationTableName;
+            if (!dst_table_name || dst_table_name === table.tableName) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const fk_table = tables_by_name.get(dst_table_name);
             if (fk_table) {
-                    new_tables_start_set.add(fk_table);
+                visit(fk_table);
-                }
-                does_table_have_foreign_keys = true;
             }
         }
-        return { does_table_have_foreign_keys };
+        visiting.delete(table.tableName);
+        visited.add(table.tableName);
+        ordered.push(table);
     }
-    for (let i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {
+    for (const table of tables) {
-        const table = tables[i];
+        if (table)
-        if (!table) {
+            visit(table);
-            continue;
     }
-        let { does_table_have_foreign_keys } = setParentTable(table);
+    new_db_schema.tables = ordered;
-        if (does_table_have_foreign_keys) {
-            new_tables_end_set.add(table);
-        }
-        else {
-            new_tables_start_set.add(table);
-        }
-    }
-    const parsed_tables = [
-        ...Array.from(new_tables_start_set),
-        ...Array.from(new_tables_end_set),
-    ];
-    for (let nt = 0; nt < parsed_tables.length; nt++) {
-        const new_table = parsed_tables[nt];
-        if (new_table) {
-            new_tables_set.add(new_table);
-        }
-    }
-    new_db_schema.tables = Array.from(new_tables_set);
     return new_db_schema;
 }

dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.d.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType, BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule, BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType, BunMariaDBConfig } from "../../types";
 export type DesiredForeignKey = {
     name: string;
     column: string;
     refTable: string;
     refColumn: string;
-    cascadeDelete: boolean;
+    onDelete: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
-    cascadeUpdate: boolean;
+    onUpdate: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
     field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType;
 };
 export type LiveForeignKey = {

dist/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.js

@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
-import buildForeignKeyConstraint, { resolveForeignKeyName, } from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
+import buildForeignKeyConstraint, { normalizeForeignKeyRule, resolveForeignKeyName, resolveForeignKeyRules, } from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
-function normalizeRule(rule) {
-    return String(rule || "RESTRICT").toUpperCase().replace(/_/g, " ");
-}
-function ruleIsCascade(rule) {
-    return normalizeRule(rule) === "CASCADE";
-}
 function fkIdentityKey(fk) {
     return `${fk.column}\0${fk.refTable}\0${fk.refColumn}`;
 }
 function rulesMatch(live, desired) {
-    return (ruleIsCascade(live.deleteRule) === desired.cascadeDelete &&
+    return (normalizeForeignKeyRule(live.deleteRule) === desired.onDelete &&
-        ruleIsCascade(live.updateRule) === desired.cascadeUpdate);
+        normalizeForeignKeyRule(live.updateRule) === desired.onUpdate);
 }
 export function grabDesiredForeignKeys(table) {
     const desired = [];
@@ -23,13 +17,14 @@ export function grabDesiredForeignKeys(table) {
             !fk.destinationTableColumnName) {
             continue;
         }
+        const { onDelete, onUpdate } = resolveForeignKeyRules(field, table.tableName);
         desired.push({
             name: resolveForeignKeyName(field, table.tableName),
             column: field.fieldName,
             refTable: fk.destinationTableName,
             refColumn: fk.destinationTableColumnName,
-            cascadeDelete: Boolean(fk.cascadeDelete),
+            onDelete,
-            cascadeUpdate: Boolean(fk.cascadeUpdate),
+            onUpdate,
             field,
         });
     }

dist/lib/schema/sync-indexes.js

@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ async function createIndex({ table, index, config, }) {
         });
         return;
     }
-    console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
     const fields = index.indexTableFields
         .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
         .join(", ");
     const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
     const isSpecialType = typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
+    console.log(`Creating ${isSpecialType ? typeUpper : "standard"} index: ${index.indexName}`);
     const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
     const indexSuffix = !isSpecialType && (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")
         ? ` USING ${typeUpper}`

dist/types/index.d.ts

@@ -206,7 +206,15 @@ export type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType = {
     patternFlags?: string;
     onUpdate?: string;
     onUpdateLiteral?: string;
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `foreignKey.onDelete`. Still honored as the foreign
+     * key's ON DELETE action when `foreignKey.onDelete` is not set.
+     */
     onDelete?: string;
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `foreignKey.onDelete`. Still honored as the foreign
+     * key's ON DELETE action when `foreignKey.onDelete` is not set.
+     */
     onDeleteLiteral?: string;
     cssFiles?: string[];
     /**
@@ -224,13 +232,32 @@ export type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType = {
 /**
  * Defines a foreign key relationship from one field to another table column.
  */
+export declare const BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules: readonly ["CASCADE", "SET NULL", "RESTRICT", "NO ACTION"];
+export type BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule = (typeof BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules)[number];
 export interface BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyType {
     foreignKeyName?: string;
     destinationTableName?: string;
     destinationTableColumnName?: string;
     destinationTableColumnType?: string;
+    /**
+     * Shorthand for `onDelete: "CASCADE"`. Ignored when `onDelete` is set.
+     */
     cascadeDelete?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Shorthand for `onUpdate: "CASCADE"`. Ignored when `onUpdate` is set.
+     */
     cascadeUpdate?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Referential action when the referenced row is deleted.
+     * Defaults to `CASCADE` when `cascadeDelete` is true, else `RESTRICT`.
+     * `SET NULL` requires a nullable column.
+     */
+    onDelete?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+    /**
+     * Referential action when the referenced key is updated.
+     * Defaults to `CASCADE` when `cascadeUpdate` is true, else `RESTRICT`.
+     */
+    onUpdate?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
 }
 export declare const MariaDBIndexTypes: readonly ["BTREE", "HASH", "FULLTEXT", "SPATIAL", "VECTOR"];
 export type MariaDBIndexType = (typeof MariaDBIndexTypes)[number];

dist/types/index.js

@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ export const BUN_MARIADB_DATATYPES = [
     { value: "SET" },
     { value: "VECTOR" },
 ];
+/**
+ * Defines a foreign key relationship from one field to another table column.
+ */
+export const BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules = [
+    "CASCADE",
+    "SET NULL",
+    "RESTRICT",
+    "NO ACTION",
+];
 export const MariaDBIndexTypes = [
     "BTREE",
     "HASH",

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "name": "@moduletrace/bun-mariadb",
-    "version": "1.0.20",
+    "version": "1.0.21",
     "description": "Schema-driven MariaDB manager for Bun",
     "author": "Benjamin Toby",
     "license": "MIT",

src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
+import buildForeignKeyConstraint, {
+    normalizeForeignKeyRule,
+    resolveForeignKeyRules,
+} from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
+
+function field(
+    overrides: Partial<BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType> = {},
+    fk: NonNullable<BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType["foreignKey"]> = {},
+): BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType {
+    return {
+        fieldName: "user_id",
+        dataType: "BIGINT",
+        ...overrides,
+        foreignKey: {
+            foreignKeyName: "post_user_fk",
+            destinationTableName: "users",
+            destinationTableColumnName: "id",
+            ...fk,
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+describe("resolveForeignKeyRules", () => {
+    test("defaults to RESTRICT", () => {
+        expect(resolveForeignKeyRules(field())).toEqual({
+            onDelete: "RESTRICT",
+            onUpdate: "RESTRICT",
+        });
+    });
+
+    test("cascadeDelete / cascadeUpdate shorthands", () => {
+        expect(
+            resolveForeignKeyRules(
+                field({}, { cascadeDelete: true, cascadeUpdate: true }),
+            ),
+        ).toEqual({ onDelete: "CASCADE", onUpdate: "CASCADE" });
+    });
+
+    test("foreignKey.onDelete wins over cascadeDelete", () => {
+        expect(
+            resolveForeignKeyRules(
+                field({}, { cascadeDelete: true, onDelete: "SET NULL" }),
+            ).onDelete,
+        ).toBe("SET NULL");
+    });
+
+    test("legacy field-level onDeleteLiteral is honored", () => {
+        expect(
+            resolveForeignKeyRules(
+                field({ onDeleteLiteral: "SET NULL" }, { cascadeDelete: false }),
+            ).onDelete,
+        ).toBe("SET NULL");
+    });
+
+    test("SET NULL on a NOT NULL column throws", () => {
+        expect(() =>
+            resolveForeignKeyRules(
+                field({ notNullValue: true }, { onDelete: "SET NULL" }),
+                "posts",
+            ),
+        ).toThrow("posts.user_id");
+    });
+});
+
+describe("normalizeForeignKeyRule", () => {
+    test("treats NO ACTION as RESTRICT and normalizes case", () => {
+        expect(normalizeForeignKeyRule("NO ACTION")).toBe("RESTRICT");
+        expect(normalizeForeignKeyRule("set_null")).toBe("SET NULL");
+        expect(normalizeForeignKeyRule(null)).toBe("RESTRICT");
+    });
+
+    test("rejects unknown rules", () => {
+        expect(() => normalizeForeignKeyRule("DROP TABLE")).toThrow();
+    });
+});
+
+describe("buildForeignKeyConstraint", () => {
+    test("emits ON DELETE SET NULL", () => {
+        expect(
+            buildForeignKeyConstraint(
+                field({}, { onDelete: "SET NULL" }),
+                "posts",
+            ),
+        ).toBe(
+            "CONSTRAINT `post_user_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL",
+        );
+    });
+
+    test("omits clauses for RESTRICT", () => {
+        expect(buildForeignKeyConstraint(field(), "posts")).toBe(
+            "CONSTRAINT `post_user_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`)",
+        );
+    });
+
+    test("emits both cascade clauses", () => {
+        expect(
+            buildForeignKeyConstraint(
+                field({}, { cascadeDelete: true, cascadeUpdate: true }),
+                "posts",
+            ),
+        ).toBe(
+            "CONSTRAINT `post_user_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE",
+        );
+    });
+});

src/lib/schema/build-foreign-key-constraint.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import type { BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType } from "../../types";
+import {
+    BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules,
+    type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    type BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule,
+} from "../../types";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 
 export function defaultForeignKeyName(
@@ -16,21 +20,81 @@ export function resolveForeignKeyName(
     return field.foreignKey?.foreignKeyName || defaultForeignKeyName(tableName, fieldName);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Normalize a referential action as MariaDB reports it in
+ * `information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS`. InnoDB treats `NO ACTION`
+ * exactly like `RESTRICT`, so both compare as `RESTRICT`.
+ */
+export function normalizeForeignKeyRule(
+    rule: string | undefined | null,
+): BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule {
+    const normalized = String(rule || "RESTRICT")
+        .trim()
+        .toUpperCase()
+        .replace(/[_\s]+/g, " ");
+
+    if (normalized === "NO ACTION") return "RESTRICT";
+
+    if (!(BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules as readonly string[]).includes(normalized)) {
+        throw new Error(
+            `Invalid foreign key rule \`${rule}\`. Expected one of: ${BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules.join(", ")}`,
+        );
+    }
+
+    return normalized as BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the ON DELETE / ON UPDATE actions for a field's foreign key.
+ * Precedence: `foreignKey.onDelete` > field `onDeleteLiteral` / `onDelete`
+ * (legacy) > `cascadeDelete` > `RESTRICT`. Same for update, except the
+ * field-level `onUpdate*` keys are column `ON UPDATE` clauses, not FK rules.
+ */
+export function resolveForeignKeyRules(
+    field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    tableName?: string,
+): { onDelete: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule; onUpdate: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule } {
+    const fk = field.foreignKey || {};
+
+    const onDelete = normalizeForeignKeyRule(
+        fk.onDelete ||
+            field.onDeleteLiteral ||
+            field.onDelete ||
+            (fk.cascadeDelete ? "CASCADE" : "RESTRICT"),
+    );
+
+    const onUpdate = normalizeForeignKeyRule(
+        fk.onUpdate || (fk.cascadeUpdate ? "CASCADE" : "RESTRICT"),
+    );
+
+    if (
+        (onDelete === "SET NULL" || onUpdate === "SET NULL") &&
+        (field.notNullValue || field.primaryKey)
+    ) {
+        throw new Error(
+            `Foreign key on \`${tableName ? `${tableName}.` : ""}${field.fieldName}\` uses SET NULL but the column is NOT NULL`,
+        );
+    }
+
+    return { onDelete, onUpdate };
+}
+
 export default function buildForeignKeyConstraint(
     field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
     tableName: string,
 ): string {
     const fk = field.foreignKey!;
     const constraintName = resolveForeignKeyName(field, tableName);
+    const { onDelete, onUpdate } = resolveForeignKeyRules(field, tableName);
 
     let constraint = `CONSTRAINT ${MariaDBQuoteGen(constraintName)} FOREIGN KEY (${MariaDBQuoteGen(field.fieldName!)}) REFERENCES ${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableName!)}(${MariaDBQuoteGen(fk.destinationTableColumnName!)})`;
 
-    if (fk.cascadeDelete) {
+    if (onDelete !== "RESTRICT") {
-        constraint += " ON DELETE CASCADE";
+        constraint += ` ON DELETE ${onDelete}`;
     }
 
-    if (fk.cascadeUpdate) {
+    if (onUpdate !== "RESTRICT") {
-        constraint += " ON UPDATE CASCADE";
+        constraint += ` ON UPDATE ${onUpdate}`;
     }
 
     return constraint;

src/lib/schema/create-table.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import type {
     BunMariaDBConfig,
 } from "../../types";
 import buildColumnDefinition from "./build-column-definition";
-import buildForeignKeyConstraint from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
 import buildTableOptions from "./build-table-options";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery from "./run-schema-query";
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ export default async function createTable({
     }
 
     const columnDefinitions: string[] = [];
-    const foreignKeys: string[] = [];
     const primaryKeys: string[] = [];
 
     for (const field of table.fields || []) {
@@ -29,12 +27,6 @@ export default async function createTable({
         if (field.primaryKey && field.fieldName) {
             primaryKeys.push(field.fieldName);
         }
-
-        if (field.foreignKey) {
-            foreignKeys.push(
-                buildForeignKeyConstraint(field, table.tableName),
-            );
-        }
     }
 
     if (primaryKeys.length > 0) {
@@ -62,7 +54,12 @@ export default async function createTable({
         }
     }
 
-    const sql = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${[...columnDefinitions, ...foreignKeys].join(", ")})${buildTableOptions(table)}`;
+    /**
+     * Foreign keys are not declared inline. `handleDBSchemaTables` adds them
+     * with `ensureForeignKeys` once every table exists, so forward references,
+     * self references and FK cycles all work regardless of table order.
+     */
+    const sql = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${MariaDBQuoteGen(table.tableName)} (${columnDefinitions.join(", ")})${buildTableOptions(table)}`;
 
     await runSchemaQuery({ query: sql, config });
 }

src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-table.ts

@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
-import {
+import { dropObsoleteForeignKeys } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
-    dropObsoleteForeignKeys,
-    ensureForeignKeys,
-} from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import syncIndexes from "./sync-indexes";
 import syncPrimaryKey from "./sync-primary-key";
 import syncTableOptions from "./sync-table-options";
@@ -85,11 +82,11 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTable({
     // 2. Drop obsolete/changed FKs (unlocks index cleanup)
     // 3. Primary key
     // 4. Indexes / uniques (FK columns need supporting indexes)
-    // 5. Ensure foreign keys exist
+    // Foreign keys are ensured by `handleDBSchemaTables` after every table
+    // has been created/updated.
     await syncTableOptions({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await dropObsoleteForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncPrimaryKey({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncIndexes({ table: resolvedTable, config });
     await syncUniqueConstraints({ table: resolvedTable, config });
-    await ensureForeignKeys({ table: resolvedTable, config });
 }

src/lib/schema/handle-db-schema-tables.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import type {
 import handleDBSchemaTable from "./handle-db-schema-table";
 import getExistingTablesFromTablesManagerTable from "./get-existing-tables-from-tables-manager-table";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
+import resolveTable from "./resolve-table";
+import { ensureForeignKeys } from "./sync-foreign-keys";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
 import schemaCondition from "./schema-condition";
 import { removeDbManagerTable } from "./upsert-db-manager-table";
@@ -51,6 +53,19 @@ export default async function handleDBSchemaTables(
         });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Foreign keys last: every referenced table now exists, so forward
+     * references, self references and cycles between tables all resolve.
+     */
+    for (const table of db_schema.tables) {
+        if (!table) continue;
+
+        await ensureForeignKeys({
+            table: resolveTable(table, db_schema),
+            config,
+        });
+    }
+
     /**
      * Drop tables tracked by the manager but no longer in the schema.
      * Skip drops when remaining schema tables still reference the table via FK

src/lib/schema/order-db-schema.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
+import type { BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType } from "../../types";
+import orderDBSchema from "./order-db-schema";
+
+function table({
+    name,
+    refs = [],
+}: {
+    name: string;
+    refs?: string[];
+}): BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType {
+    return {
+        tableName: name,
+        fields: refs.map((ref) => ({
+            fieldName: `${ref}_id`,
+            dataType: "BIGINT",
+            foreignKey: {
+                destinationTableName: ref,
+                destinationTableColumnName: "id",
+            },
+        })),
+    };
+}
+
+async function order(tables: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType[]) {
+    const res = await orderDBSchema({ db_schema: { tables } });
+    return res.tables.map((t) => t.tableName);
+}
+
+describe("orderDBSchema", () => {
+    test("places parents before children", async () => {
+        expect(
+            await order([
+                table({ name: "comments", refs: ["posts", "users"] }),
+                table({ name: "posts", refs: ["users"] }),
+                table({ name: "users" }),
+            ]),
+        ).toEqual(["users", "posts", "comments"]);
+    });
+
+    test("keeps declaration order when there are no dependencies", async () => {
+        expect(
+            await order([table({ name: "b" }), table({ name: "a" })]),
+        ).toEqual(["b", "a"]);
+    });
+
+    test("handles self references without recursing forever", async () => {
+        expect(
+            await order([
+                table({ name: "categories", refs: ["categories"] }),
+                table({ name: "comments", refs: ["comments", "users"] }),
+                table({ name: "users" }),
+            ]),
+        ).toEqual(["categories", "users", "comments"]);
+    });
+
+    test("handles cycles and emits each table once", async () => {
+        const res = await order([
+            table({ name: "a", refs: ["b"] }),
+            table({ name: "b", refs: ["a"] }),
+            table({ name: "c", refs: ["a"] }),
+        ]);
+        expect(res).toHaveLength(3);
+        expect(new Set(res).size).toBe(3);
+        expect(res.indexOf("c")).toBeGreaterThan(res.indexOf("a"));
+    });
+
+    test("ignores references to tables outside the schema", async () => {
+        expect(
+            await order([table({ name: "posts", refs: ["external_users"] })]),
+        ).toEqual(["posts"]);
+    });
+});

src/lib/schema/order-db-schema.ts

@@ -5,82 +5,63 @@ import type {
     CreateDBSchemaParams,
 } from "../../types";
 
+/**
+ * Topologically order tables so referenced (parent) tables come before the
+ * tables that reference them. Declaration order is kept wherever the FK
+ * graph allows it.
+ *
+ * - Self references (e.g. `comments.parent_comment_id`) are ignored.
+ * - References to tables outside the schema are ignored.
+ * - Cycles do not throw: a table already on the current path is skipped,
+ *   so every table is still emitted exactly once. Foreign keys are created
+ *   after all tables exist, so cycles are safe to sync.
+ */
 export default async function orderDBSchema({
     db_schema,
 }: CreateDBSchemaParams): Promise<BUN_MARIADB_DatabaseSchemaType> {
-    let new_db_schema = _.cloneDeep(db_schema);
+    const new_db_schema = _.cloneDeep(db_schema);
-
     const tables = new_db_schema.tables;
 
-    let new_tables_set = new Set<BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType>();
+    const tables_by_name = new Map<string, BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType>();
-    let new_tables_start_set = new Set<BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType>();
+    for (const table of tables) {
-    let new_tables_end_set = new Set<BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType>();
+        if (table) tables_by_name.set(table.tableName, table);
-
-    function setParentTable(table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType) {
-        const fields = table.fields;
-        let does_table_have_foreign_keys = false;
-
-        for (let f = 0; f < fields.length; f++) {
-            const field = fields[f];
-            if (!field) continue;
-
-            const dst_table_name = field.foreignKey?.destinationTableName;
-
-            if (dst_table_name) {
-                const fk_table = tables.find(
-                    (tb) => tb.tableName == dst_table_name,
-                );
-
-                if (
-                    fk_table &&
-                    !new_tables_start_set.has(fk_table) &&
-                    !new_tables_end_set.has(fk_table)
-                ) {
-                    setParentTable(fk_table);
     }
 
-                new_tables_end_set.add(table);
+    const ordered: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType[] = [];
+    const visited = new Set<string>();
+    const visiting = new Set<string>();
 
-                if (fk_table) {
+    function visit(table: BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType) {
-                    new_tables_start_set.add(fk_table);
+        if (visited.has(table.tableName) || visiting.has(table.tableName)) {
+            return;
         }
 
-                does_table_have_foreign_keys = true;
+        visiting.add(table.tableName);
-            }
-        }
 
-        return { does_table_have_foreign_keys };
+        for (const field of table.fields || []) {
-    }
+            const dst_table_name = field?.foreignKey?.destinationTableName;
 
-    for (let i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {
+            if (!dst_table_name || dst_table_name === table.tableName) {
-        const table = tables[i];
-
-        if (!table) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-        let { does_table_have_foreign_keys } = setParentTable(table);
+            const fk_table = tables_by_name.get(dst_table_name);
 
-        if (does_table_have_foreign_keys) {
+            if (fk_table) {
-            new_tables_end_set.add(table);
+                visit(fk_table);
-        } else {
-            new_tables_start_set.add(table);
             }
         }
 
-    const parsed_tables = [
+        visiting.delete(table.tableName);
-        ...Array.from(new_tables_start_set),
+        visited.add(table.tableName);
-        ...Array.from(new_tables_end_set),
+        ordered.push(table);
-    ];
-
-    for (let nt = 0; nt < parsed_tables.length; nt++) {
-        const new_table = parsed_tables[nt];
-        if (new_table) {
-            new_tables_set.add(new_table);
-        }
     }
 
-    new_db_schema.tables = Array.from(new_tables_set);
+    for (const table of tables) {
+        if (table) visit(table);
+    }
+
+    new_db_schema.tables = ordered;
 
     return new_db_schema;
 }

src/lib/schema/sync-foreign-keys.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 import type {
     BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType,
+    BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule,
     BUN_MARIADB_TableSchemaType,
     BunMariaDBConfig,
 } from "../../types";
 import buildForeignKeyConstraint, {
+    normalizeForeignKeyRule,
     resolveForeignKeyName,
+    resolveForeignKeyRules,
 } from "./build-foreign-key-constraint";
 import MariaDBQuoteGen from "./mariadb-quote-gen";
 import runSchemaQuery, { querySchemaRows } from "./run-schema-query";
@@ -14,8 +17,8 @@ export type DesiredForeignKey = {
     column: string;
     refTable: string;
     refColumn: string;
-    cascadeDelete: boolean;
+    onDelete: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
-    cascadeUpdate: boolean;
+    onUpdate: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
     field: BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType;
 };
 
@@ -28,14 +31,6 @@ export type LiveForeignKey = {
     updateRule: string;
 };
 
-function normalizeRule(rule: string | undefined | null): string {
-    return String(rule || "RESTRICT").toUpperCase().replace(/_/g, " ");
-}
-
-function ruleIsCascade(rule: string): boolean {
-    return normalizeRule(rule) === "CASCADE";
-}
-
 function fkIdentityKey(fk: {
     column: string;
     refTable: string;
@@ -49,8 +44,8 @@ function rulesMatch(
     desired: DesiredForeignKey,
 ): boolean {
     return (
-        ruleIsCascade(live.deleteRule) === desired.cascadeDelete &&
+        normalizeForeignKeyRule(live.deleteRule) === desired.onDelete &&
-        ruleIsCascade(live.updateRule) === desired.cascadeUpdate
+        normalizeForeignKeyRule(live.updateRule) === desired.onUpdate
     );
 }
 
@@ -69,13 +64,18 @@ export function grabDesiredForeignKeys(
             continue;
         }
 
+        const { onDelete, onUpdate } = resolveForeignKeyRules(
+            field,
+            table.tableName,
+        );
+
         desired.push({
             name: resolveForeignKeyName(field, table.tableName),
             column: field.fieldName,
             refTable: fk.destinationTableName,
             refColumn: fk.destinationTableColumnName,
-            cascadeDelete: Boolean(fk.cascadeDelete),
+            onDelete,
-            cascadeUpdate: Boolean(fk.cascadeUpdate),
+            onUpdate,
             field,
         });
     }

src/lib/schema/sync-indexes.ts

@@ -91,12 +91,14 @@ async function createIndex({
         return;
     }
 
-    console.log(`Creating standard index: ${index.indexName}`);
     const fields = index.indexTableFields
         .map((field) => MariaDBQuoteGen(field))
         .join(", ");
     const typeUpper = index.indexType?.toUpperCase();
     const isSpecialType = typeUpper === "FULLTEXT" || typeUpper === "SPATIAL";
+    console.log(
+        `Creating ${isSpecialType ? typeUpper : "standard"} index: ${index.indexName}`,
+    );
     const indexPrefix = isSpecialType ? `${typeUpper} ` : "";
     const indexSuffix =
         !isSpecialType && (typeUpper === "BTREE" || typeUpper === "HASH")

src/types/index.ts

@@ -195,7 +195,15 @@ export type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType = {
     patternFlags?: string;
     onUpdate?: string;
     onUpdateLiteral?: string;
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `foreignKey.onDelete`. Still honored as the foreign
+     * key's ON DELETE action when `foreignKey.onDelete` is not set.
+     */
     onDelete?: string;
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `foreignKey.onDelete`. Still honored as the foreign
+     * key's ON DELETE action when `foreignKey.onDelete` is not set.
+     */
     onDeleteLiteral?: string;
     cssFiles?: string[];
     /**
@@ -214,13 +222,40 @@ export type BUN_MARIADB_FieldSchemaType = {
 /**
  * Defines a foreign key relationship from one field to another table column.
  */
+export const BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules = [
+    "CASCADE",
+    "SET NULL",
+    "RESTRICT",
+    "NO ACTION",
+] as const;
+
+export type BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule =
+    (typeof BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRules)[number];
+
 export interface BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyType {
     foreignKeyName?: string;
     destinationTableName?: string;
     destinationTableColumnName?: string;
     destinationTableColumnType?: string;
+    /**
+     * Shorthand for `onDelete: "CASCADE"`. Ignored when `onDelete` is set.
+     */
     cascadeDelete?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Shorthand for `onUpdate: "CASCADE"`. Ignored when `onUpdate` is set.
+     */
     cascadeUpdate?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Referential action when the referenced row is deleted.
+     * Defaults to `CASCADE` when `cascadeDelete` is true, else `RESTRICT`.
+     * `SET NULL` requires a nullable column.
+     */
+    onDelete?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
+    /**
+     * Referential action when the referenced key is updated.
+     * Defaults to `CASCADE` when `cascadeUpdate` is true, else `RESTRICT`.
+     */
+    onUpdate?: BUN_MARIADB_ForeignKeyRule;
 }
 
 export const MariaDBIndexTypes = [

tsconfig.json

@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@
         "outDir": "dist"
     },
     "include": ["src"],
-    "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
+    "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist", "src/**/*.test.ts"]
 }